Колхицин в практике кардиолога. Механизмы влияния на сердечно-сосудистую систему, применение в терапии перикардита и при ишемической болезни сердца

Несмотря на значительное развитие за последние десятилетия фармакологических, интервенционных и хирургических методов терапии сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний (ССЗ), складывается впечатление о достижении «потолка» эффективности стандартных средств, и все больше внимания уделяется регуляции воспаления. Иммуновоспаление является важным звеном патогенеза атеросклероза и его осложнений, нарушений ритма сердца и сердечной недостаточности, но также неотъемлемой частью процесса регенерации тканей. С этим связано то, что недифференцированное применение различных противовоспалительных средств с выраженными иммуносупрессивными свойствами не продемонстрировало преимуществ при кардиологических заболеваниях. Сегодня проведено большое количество исследований, в том числе долгосрочных, показавших, что колхицин остается противовоспалительным препаратом, не связанным с развитием ятрогенного иммунодефицита и увеличением смертности от ССЗ. Учитывая это, а также его воздействие на звенья иммунитета, вовлеченные в патофизиологию ССЗ, короткий период полувыведения, вековой опыт применения в ревматологии и то, что препарат является «знакомым» в кардиологии из опыта лечения перикардита, колхицин выглядит наиболее перспективным и безопасным для использования в широкой практике кардиолога. Однако применение иммуномодулирующих средств требует большего понимания патофизиологии воспаления, выделения физиологического и избыточного воспаления, а также рисков, сопряженных с нарушением защитных функций организма. Поэтому колхицин и другие иммуносупрессанты, в отличие от ацетилсалициловой кислоты, не могут быть назначены по формальным показаниям. Для более четкого определения групп пациентов, которым наиболее вероятно будет полезен колхицин, необходимы дополнительные исследования, новые методы диагностики и мнение кардиоревматолога. В настоящий обзор литературы включены опубликованные в сети интернет медицинские исследования, тезисы и мета-анализы без ограничений по давности публикации по июль 2025 г. Использовались базы данных PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar и CENTRAL, в которых просмотрено 520 литературных источников, описывающих клиническую эффективность препаратов колхицина, гетерогенность его эффектов в разных схемах применения при различных сердечно-сосудистых заболеваниях.

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