Features of Antithrombotic Therapy in Patients with Multifocal Arterial Disease
https://doi.org/10.18087/cardio.2021.3.n1498
Abstract
Multifocal arterial injury is common in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases and is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular complications and death. Administration of more intensive antithrombotic therapy, particularly combinations of acetylsalicylic acid and a “vascular” dose of rivaroxaban, in patients with multifocal arterial injury is characterized by a beneficial ratio of efficiency and safety due to a pronounced decrease in the risk of cardiovascular complications. Detection of peripheral artery diseases in patients with ischemic heart disease and atherosclerotic cerebrovascular pathology makes it possible to improve the risk stratification, optimize the diagnostic tactics and clarify indications for more intensive antithrombotic therapy.
Keywords
Multifocal arterial injury,
screening,
risk stratification,
secondary prevention,
antithrombotic therapy
Supporting agencies: The article was supported by the company BAYER PP-XAR-RU-0723-1.
About the Authors
V. G. Grachev
Urals State Medical University of Ministry Healthcare of Russian Federation, Yekaterinburg
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
associate professor of the department of faculty therapy, endocrinology, allergology and immunology
S. S. Vedenskaya
Urals State Medical University of Ministry Healthcare of Russian Federation, Yekaterinburg
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
associate professor of the department of faculty therapy, endocrinology, allergology and immunology
O. G. Smolenskaya
Urals State Medical University of Ministry Healthcare of Russian Federation, Yekaterinburg
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
professor, Head of the department of faculty therapy, endocrinology, allergology and immunology
References
1. Bonaca MP. Polyvascular disease and risk: When two is not better than one. Vasc Med. 2018;23(6):531-533. DOI: 10.1177/1358863X18796936.
2. Desormais I, Vlachopoulos C, Aboyans V. Panvascular disease – epidemiology and prevention. Cor et Vasa. 2018;60(1):e3-e8. DOI:10.1016/j.crvasa.2017.12.004.
3. Aboyans V, Ricco JB, Bartelink MEL, Björck M, Brodmann M, Cohnert T et al. ESC Scientific Document Group. 2017 ESC Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Peripheral Arterial Diseases, in collaboration with the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS): Document covering atherosclerotic disease of extracranial carotid and vertebral, mesenteric, renal, upper and lower extremity arteriesEndorsed by: the European Stroke Organization (ESO)The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Peripheral Arterial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and of the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS). Eur Heart J. 2018;39(9):763-816. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx095.
4. Akberov R.F., Sharafeev, Mikhailov M.K., Zyatdinov K.Sh., Korobov V.V., Abashev A.R., et al. Progressive multifocal atherosclerosis: etiology, clinical and radiation diagnostics, modern aspects of treatment. Kazan: Idel-Press; 2008. 214 p. (In Russ.)
5. Barbarash O.L., Kashtalap V.V. Diagnosis of latent forms of non-coronary atherosclerosis in acute coronary syndrome patients. Is there any practical sense? Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases. 2012;(1):12-16. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.17802/2306-1278-2012-1-12-16.
6. Bhatt DL, Steg PG, Ohman EM, Hirsch AT, Ikeda Y, Mas JL et al. REACH Registry Investigators. International prevalence, recognition, and treatment of cardiovascular risk factors in outpatients with atherothrombosis. JAMA. 2006;295(2):180–189. DOI: 10.1001/jama.295.2.180.
7. Steg PG, Bhatt DL, Wilson PW, D'Agostino R Sr, Ohman EM, Röther J et al. REACH Registry Investigators. One-year cardiovascular event rates in outpatients with atherothrombosis. JAMA. 2007; 297(11):1197-206. DOI: 10.1001/jama.297.11.1197.
8. Alberts MJ, Bhatt DL, Mas JL, Ohman EM, Hirsh AT, Röther J et al. REduction of Atherothrombosis for Continued Health (REACH) Registry Investigators. Three-year follow-up and event rates in the international REduction of Atherothrombosis for Continued Health Registry. Eur Heart J 2009;30:2318-2326. DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehp355.
9. Bhatt DL, Eagle KA, Ohman EM, Hirsch AT, Goto S, Mahoney E.M et al. REACH Registry Investigators. Comparative determinants of 4-year cardiovascular event rates in stable outpatients at risk of or with atherothrombosis. JAMA 2010;304(12):1350-1357. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2010.1322.
10. CAPRIE Steering Committee. A randomised, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE). CAPRIE Steering Committee. Lancet. 1996;348(9038):1329-39. DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(96)09457-3.
11. Hirsh J, Bhatt DL. Comparative benefits of clopidogrel and aspirin in high-risk patient populations: lessons from the CAPRIE and CURE studies. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164(19):2106-10. DOI: 10.1001/archinte.164.19.2106.
12. Mukherjee D, Eagle KA, Kline-Rogers E, Feldman LJ, Juliard JM, Agnelli G et al. GRACE Investigators. Impact of prior peripheral arterial disease and stroke on outcomes of acute coronary syndromes and effect of evidence-based therapies (from the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events). Am J Cardiol. 2007;100(1):1-6. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2007.02.046.
13. Bhatt DL, Peterson ED, Harrington RA, Ou FS, Cannon CP, Gibson CM et al. CRUSADE Investigators. Prior polyvascular disease: risk factor for adverse ischaemic outcomes in acute coronary syndromes. Eur Heart J. 2009;30(10):1195-202. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehp099.
14. Ferreira-González I, Permanyer Miralda G, Heras M, Ribera A, Marsal JR, Cascant P et al. Investigadores del Estudio MASCARA. Prognosis and management of patients with acute coronary syndrome and polyvascular disease. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2009 Sep;62(9):1012-21. English, Spanish. DOI: 10.1016/s1885-5857(09)73267-0.
15. Subherwal S, Bhatt DL, Li S, Wang TY, Thomas L, Alexander KP et al. Polyvascular disease and long-term cardiovascular outcomes in older patients with non-ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2012;5(4):541-9. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.111.964379.
16. Attar R, Wester A, Koul S, Eggert S, Andell P. Peripheral artery disease and outcomes in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Open Heart. 2019;6(1):e001004. DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2018-001004.
17. Vagnarelli F, Corsini A, Lorenzini M, Ortolani P, Norscini G, Cinti L et al. Long-term prognostic role of cerebrovascular disease and peripheral arterial disease across the spectrum of acute coronary syndromes. Atherosclerosis. 2016;245:43-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.11.014.
18. Heldner MR, Li L, Lovett NG, Kubiak MM, Lyons S, Rothwell PM. Oxford Vascular Study. Long-Term Prognosis of Patients With Transient Ischemic Attack or Stroke and Symptomatic Vascular Disease in Multiple Arterial Beds. Stroke. 2018;49(7):1639-1646. DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.118.020913.
19. Gutierrez JA, Mulder H, Jones WS, Rockhold FW, Baumgartner I, Berger JS et al. Polyvascular Disease and Risk of Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Peripheral Artery Disease: A Secondary Analysis of the EUCLID Trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2018;1(7):e185239. DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.5239.
20. van Kuijk JP, Flu WJ, Welten GM, Hoeks SE, Chonchol M, Vidakovic R et al. Long-term prognosis of patients with peripheral arterial disease with or without polyvascular atherosclerotic disease. Eur Heart J. 2010;31(8):992-9. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehp553.
21. Collet JP, Cayla G, Ennezat PV, Leclercq F, Cuisset T, Elhadad S et al. AMERICA Investigators. Systematic detection of polyvascular disease combined with aggressive secondary prevention in patients presenting with severe coronary artery disease: The randomized AMERICA Study. Int J Cardiol. 2018;254:36-42. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.11.081.
22. Knuuti J, Wijns W, Saraste A, Capodanno D, Barbato E, Funck-Brentano C et al. ESC Scientific Document Group. 2019 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of chronic coronary syndromes: The Task Force for the diagnosis and management of chronic coronary syndromes of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2020;41(3):407–77. DOI: org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz425.
23. Gallino A, Aboyans V, Diehm C, Cosentino F, Stricker H, Falk E et al. European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Peripheral Circulation. Non-coronary atherosclerosis. Eur Heart J. 2014;35(17):1112-9. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehu071.
24. Hertzer NR, Beven EG, Young JR, O'Hara PJ, Ruschhaupt WF 3rd, Graor RA et al. Coronary artery disease in peripheral vascular patients. A classification of 1000 coronary angiograms and results of surgical management. Ann Surg. 1984;199(2):223-33. DOI: 10.1097/00000658-198402000-00016.
25. Duran NE, Duran I, Gürel E, Gündüz S, Göl G, Biteker M et al. Coronary artery disease in patients with peripheral artery disease. Heart Lung. 2010;39(2):116-20. DOI: 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2009.07.004.
26. Hur DJ, Kizilgul M, Aung WW, Roussillon KC, Keeley EC. Frequency of coronary artery disease in patients undergoing peripheral artery disease surgery. Am J Cardiol. 2012;110(5):736-40. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.04.059.
27. Gutierrez JA, Bhatt DL, Banerjee S, Glorioso TJ, Josey KP, Swaminathan RV et al. Risk of obstructive coronary artery disease and major adverse cardiac events in patients with noncoronary atherosclerosis: Insights from the Veterans Affairs Clinical Assessment, Reporting, and Tracking (CART) Program. Am Heart J. 2019;213:47-56. DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2019.04.004.
28. Her K, Choi C, Park Y, Shin H, Won Y. Concomitant peripheral artery disease and asymptomatic coronary artery disease: a management strategy. Ann Vasc Surg. 2008;22(5):649-56. DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2008.01.010.
29. Khandelwal A, Kondo T, Amanuma M, Oida A, Sano T, Sachin SS et al. Single injection protocol for coronary and lower extremity CT angiographies in patients suspected for peripheral arterial disease. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95(46):e5410. DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000005410.
30. Krievins D, Zellans E, Erglis A, Zvaigzne L, Stradins P, Lacis A. et al. High prevalence of asymptomatic ischemia-producing coronary stenosis in patients with critical limb ischemia: anatomic and functional assessment with coronary CT-derived fractional flow reserve (FFRCT). Vasc Dis Manag. 2018;15(9):E96–E101.
31. Touzé E, Varenne O, Chatellier G, Peyrard S, Rothwell PM, Mas JL. Risk of myocardial infarction and vascular death after transient ischemic attack and ischemic stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Stroke. 2005;36(12):2748-55. DOI: 10.1161/01.STR.0000190118.02275.33.
32. Mohan KM, Wolfe CD, Rudd AG, Heuschmann PU, Kolominsky-Rabas PL, Grieve AP. Risk and cumulative risk of stroke recurrence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Stroke. 2011;42(5):1489-94. DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.602615.
33. Boulanger M, Béjot Y, Rothwell PM, Touzé E. Long-Term Risk of Myocardial Infarction Compared to Recurrent Stroke After Transient Ischemic Attack and Ischemic Stroke: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018;7(2):e007267. DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.117.007267.
34. Kelly PJ, Crispino G, Sheehan O, Kelly L, Marnane M, Merwick A et al. Incidence, event rates, and early outcome of stroke in Dublin, Ireland: the North Dublin population stroke study. Stroke. 2012;43(8):2042-7. DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.645721.
35. Rothwell PM, Coull AJ, Giles MF, Howard SC, Silver LE, Bull LM et al. Oxford Vascular Study. Change in stroke incidence, mortality, case-fatality, severity, and risk factors in Oxfordshire, UK from 1981 to 2004 (Oxford Vascular Study). Lancet. 2004;363(9425):1925-33. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16405-2.
36. Venketasubramanian N, Röther J, Bhatt DL, Pasquet B, Mas JL, Alberts MJ et al. REACH Investigators. Two-year vascular event rates in patients with symptomatic cerebrovascular disease: the REACH registry. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2011;32(3):254-60. DOI: 10.1159/000328650.
37. Adams RJ, Chimowitz MI, Alpert JS, Awad IA, Cerqueria MD, Fayad P et al. American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Coronary risk evaluation in patients with transient ischemic attack and ischemic stroke: a scientific statement for healthcare professionals from the Stroke Council and the Council on Clinical Cardiology of the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2003 Sep;34(9):2310-22. DOI: 10.1161/01.STR.0000090125.28466.E2.
38. Amarenco P, Lavallée PC, Labreuche J, Ducrocq G, Juliard JM, Feldman L et al. Prevalence of coronary atherosclerosis in patients with cerebral infarction. Stroke. 2011;42(1):22-9. DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.584086.
39. Hoshino A, Nakamura T, Enomoto S, Kawahito H, Kurata H, Nakahara Y et al. Clinical utility of evaluating intracranial artery stenosis and silent brain infarction to predict the presence of subclinical coronary artery disease in ischemic stroke patients. Intern Med. 2008;47(20):1775-81. DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.47.1314.
40. Seo WK, Yong HS, Koh SB, Suh SI, Kim JH, Yu SW et al. Correlation of coronary artery atherosclerosis with atherosclerosis of the intracranial cerebral artery and the extracranial carotid artery. Eur Neurol. 2008;59(6):292-8. DOI: 10.1159/000121418.
41. Calvet D, Touzé E, Varenne O, Sablayrolles JL, Weber S, Mas JL. Prevalence of asymptomatic coronary artery disease in ischemic stroke patients: the PRECORIS study. Circulation. 2010;121(14):1623-9. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.906958.
42. Cho HJ, Lee JH, Kim YJ, Moon Y, Ko SM, Kim HY. Comprehensive evaluation of coronary artery disease and aortic atherosclerosis in acute ischemic stroke patients: usefulness based on Framingham risk score and stroke subtype. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2011;31(6):592-600. DOI: 10.1159/000326075.
43. Yoon YE, Chang HJ, Cho I, Jeon KH, Chun EJ, Choi SI et al. Incidence of subclinical coronary atherosclerosis in patients with suspected embolic stroke using cardiac computed tomography. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011;27(7):1035-44. DOI: 10.1007/s10554-010-9743-8.
44. Kim SJ, Choe YH, Park SJ, Kim GM, Chung CS, Lee KH et al. Bang OY. Routine cardiac evaluation in patients with ischaemic stroke and absence of known atrial fibrillation or coronary heart disease: transthoracic echocardiography vs. multidetector cardiac computed tomography. Eur J Neurol. 2012;19(2):317-23. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2011.03505.x.
45. Ahn SS, Nam HS, Heo JH, Kim YD, Lee SK, Han KH et al. Ischemic stroke: measurement of intracranial artery calcifications can improve prediction of asymptomatic coronary artery disease. Radiology. 2013;268(3):842-9. DOI: 10.1148/radiol.13122417.
46. Cha MJ, Lee HS, Kim YD, Nam HS, Heo JH. The association between asymptomatic coronary artery disease and CHADS2 and CHA2 DS2 -VASc scores in patients with stroke. Eur J Neurol. 2013;20(9):1256-63. DOI: 10.1111/ene.12158.
47. Chimowitz MI, Poole RM, Starling MR, Schwaiger M, Gross MD. Frequency and severity of asymptomatic coronary disease in patients with different causes of stroke. Stroke. 1997;28(5):941-5. DOI: 10.1161/01.str.28.5.941.
48. Okin PM, Roman MJ, Schwartz JE, Pickering TG, Devereux RB. Relation of exercise-induced myocardial ischemia to cardiac and carotid structure. Hypertension. 1997;30(6):1382-8. DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.30.6.1382.
49. Hofmann R, Kypta A, Steinwender C, Kerschner K, Grund M, Leisch F. Coronary angiography in patients undergoing carotid artery stenting shows a high incidence of significant coronary artery disease. Heart. 2005;91(11):1438-41. DOI: 10.1136/hrt.2004.050906.
50. Chimowitz MI, Weiss DG, Cohen SL, Starling MR, Hobson RW 2nd. Cardiac prognosis of patients with carotid stenosis and no history of coronary artery disease. Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group 167. Stroke. 1994;25(4):759-65. DOI: 10.1161/01.str.25.4.759.
51. Giannopoulos A, Kakkos S, Abbott A, Naylor AR, Richards T, Mikhailidis DP et al. Long-term Mortality in Patients with Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis: Implications for Statin Therapy. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2015;50(5):573-82. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2015.06.115.
52. Illuminati G, Ricco JB, Greco C, Mangieri E, Calio' F, Ceccanei G et al. Systematic preoperative coronary angiography and stenting improves postoperative results of carotid endarterectomy in patients with asymptomatic coronary artery disease: a randomised controlled trial. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2010;39(2):139-45. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2009.11.015.
53. Illuminati G, Schneider F, Greco C, Mangieri E, Schiariti M, Tanzilli G et al. Long-term results of a randomized controlled trial analyzing the role of systematic pre-operative coronary angiography before elective carotid endarterectomy in patients with asymptomatic coronary artery disease. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2015;49(4):366-74. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2014.12.030.
54. Aboyans V, Lacroix P. Indications for carotid screening in patients with coronary artery disease. Presse Med. 2009;38(6):977-86. DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2009.02.015.
55. Lin JC, Kabbani LS, Peterson EL, Masabni K, Morgan JA, Brooks S et al. Clinical utility of carotid duplex ultrasound prior to cardiac surgery. J Vasc Surg. 2016;63(3):710-4. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2015.10.008.
56. Steinvil A, Sadeh B, Arbel Y, Justo D, Belei A, Borenstein N et al. Prevalence and predictors of concomitant carotid and coronary artery atherosclerotic disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57(7):779-83. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.09.047.
57. Ahmed B, Al-Khaffaf H. Prevalence of significant asymptomatic carotid artery disease in patients with peripheral vascular disease: a meta-analysis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2009;37(3):262-71. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2008.10.017.
58. Razzouk L, Rockman CB, Patel MR, Guo Y, Adelman MA, Riles TS et al. Co-existence of vascular disease in different arterial beds: Peripheral artery disease and carotid artery stenosis-Data from Life Line Screening(®). Atherosclerosis. 2015;241(2):687-91. DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.06.029.
59. Hirsch AT, Criqui MH, Treat-Jacobson D, Regensteiner JG, Creager MA, Olin JW et al. Peripheral arterial disease detection, awareness, and treatment in primary care. JAMA. 2001;286(11):1317-24. DOI: 10.1001/jama.286.11.1317.
60. Diehm C, Schuster A, Allenberg JR, Darius H, Haberl R, Lange S et al. High prevalence of peripheral arterial disease and co-morbidity in 6880 primary care patients: cross-sectional study. Atherosclerosis. 2004;172(1):95-105. DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9150(03)00204-1.
61. Association of Cardiovascular Surgeons of Russia, Russian Society of Angiologists and Vascular Surgeons, Russian Society of Surgeons, Russian Cardiological Society, Russian Association of Endocrinologists. National guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of lower limb arterial diseases. Moscow: 2019. (In Russ.) http://www.angiolsurgery.org/library/recommendations/2019/recommendations_LLA_2019.pdf.
62. Ankle Brachial Index Collaboration, Fowkes FG, Murray GD, Butcher I, Heald CL, Lee RJ et al. Ankle brachial index combined with Framingham Risk Score to predict cardiovascular events and mortality: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2008;300(2):197-208. DOI: 10.1001/jama.300.2.197.
63. Hajibandeh S, Hajibandeh S, Shah S, Child E, Antoniou GA, Torella F. Prognostic significance of ankle brachial pressure index: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Vascular. 2017;25(2):208-224. DOI: 10.1177/1708538116658392.
64. Banerjee A, Fowkes FG, Rothwell PM. Associations between peripheral artery disease and ischemic stroke: implications for primary and secondary prevention. Stroke. 2010;41(9):2102-7. DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.582627.
65. Agnelli G, Cimminiello C, Meneghetti G, Urbinati S; Polyvascular Atherothrombosis Observational Survey (PATHOS) Investigators. Low ankle-brachial index predicts an adverse 1-year outcome after acute coronary and cerebrovascular events. J Thromb Haemost. 2006;4(12):2599-606. DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2006.02225.x.
66. Serena J, Segura T, Roquer J, García-Gil M, Castillo J; ARTICO Study. The ARTICO study: identification of patients at high risk of vascular recurrence after a first non-cardioembolic stroke. BMC Neurol. 2015;15:28. DOI: 10.1186/s12883-015-0278-4.
67. Hong JB, Leonards CO, Endres M, Siegerink B, Liman TG. Ankle-Brachial Index and Recurrent Stroke Risk: Meta-Analysis. Stroke. 2016;47(2):317-22. DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.011321.
68. Meizels A, Zeitoun DM, Bataille V, Cambou JP, Collet JP, Cottin Y et al. ALLIANCE investigators on behalf of the working group on Epidemiology of the French Society of Cardiology. Impact of polyvascular disease on baseline characteristics, management and mortality in acute myocardial infarction. The Alliance project. Arch Cardiovasc Dis. 2010;103(4):207-14. DOI: 10.1016/j.acvd.2010.02.002.
69. Bonaca MP, Bhatt DL, Storey RF, Steg PG, Cohen M, Kuder J et al. Ticagrelor for Prevention of Ischemic Events After Myocardial Infarction in Patients With Peripheral Artery Disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67(23):2719-2728. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.03.524.
70. Bonaca MP, Gutierrez JA, Cannon C, Giugliano R, Blazing M, Park JG et al. Polyvascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and long-term vascular risk: a secondary analysis of the IMPROVE-IT trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2018;6(12):934-943. DOI: 10.1016/S2213-8587(18)30290-0.
71. Jönelid B, Johnston N, Berglund L, Andrén B, Kragsterman B, Christersson C. Ankle brachial index most important to identify polyvascular disease in patients with non-ST elevation or ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Eur J Intern Med. 2016;30:55-60. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2015.12.016.
72. Kownator S, Cambou JP, Cacoub P, Léger P, Luizy F, Herrmann MA et al. Prevalence of unknown peripheral arterial disease in patients with coronary artery disease: data in primary care from the IPSILON study. Arch Cardiovasc Dis. 2009;102(8-9):625-31. DOI: 10.1016/j.acvd.2009.05.004.
73. Lee JY, Lee SW, Lee WS, Han S, Park YK, Kwon CH et al. Prevalence and clinical implications of newly revealed, asymptomatic abnormal ankle-brachial index in patients with significant coronary artery disease. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2013;6(12):1303-13. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcin.2013.08.008.
74. Saleh A, Makhamreh H, Qoussoos T, Alawwa I, Alsmady M, Salah ZA et al. Prevalence of previously unrecognized peripheral arterial disease in patients undergoing coronary angiography. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018;97(29):e11519. DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000011519.
75. Barbarash OL, Zykov MV, Pecherina TB, Kashtalap VV, Barbarash LS, Kutikhin AG. The prognostic value of peripheral artery diseases in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Dis Markers. 2013;35(6):877-82. DOI: 10.1155/2013/487807.
76. Falcão FJ, Rodrigues Alves CM, Caixeta A, de Freitas Guimarães L, de Sousa Filho JT, Soares JA et al. Relation between the ankle-brachial index and the complexity of coronary artery disease in older patients. Clin Interv Aging. 2013;8:1611-6. DOI: 10.2147/CIA.S52778.
77. Sabedotti M, Sarmento-Leite R, Quadros Alexandre. Ankle-Brachial Index as a Predictor of Significant Coronary Artery Disease in Patients Undergoing Coronary Angiography. Rev. Bras. Cardiol. Invasiva 2014;22(4):359-363. DOI: 10.1590/0104-1843000000060.
78. Sadeghi M, Heidari R, Mostanfar B, Tavassoli A, Roghani F, Yazdekhasti S et al. The Relation Between Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI) and Coronary Artery Disease Severity and Risk Factors: An Angiographic Study. ARYA Atheroscler. 2011;7(2):68-73. PMID: 22577449;
79. Korkmaz L, Adar A, Erkan H, Ağaç MT, Acar Z, Kurt IH et al. Ankle-brachial index and coronary artery lesion complexity in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Angiology. 2012;63(7):495-9. DOI: 10.1177/0003319711429561.
80. Amer MS, Tawfik HM, Elmoteleb AM, Maamoun MM. Correlation between ankle brachial index and coronary artery disease severity in elderly Egyptians. Angiology. 2014;65(10):891-5. DOI: 10.1177/0003319713510594.
81. Bryniarski KL, Tokarek T, Bryk T, Rutka J, Gawlik I, Żabówka A et al. Intima-media thickness and ankle-brachial index are correlated with the extent of coronary artery disease measured by the SYNTAX score. Postepy Kardiol Interwencyjnej. 2018;14(1):52-58. DOI: 10.5114/aic.2018.74355.
82. Sebastianski M, Narasimhan S, Graham MM, Toleva O, Shavadia J, Abualnaja S et al. Usefulness of the ankle-brachial index to predict high coronary SYNTAX scores, myocardium at risk, and incomplete coronary revascularization. Am J Cardiol. 2014;114(11):1745-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2014.09.010.
83. Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, Agabiti Rosei E, Azizi M, Burnier M et al. ESC Scientific Document Group. 2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2018;39(33):3021-3104. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy339.
84. Arterial hypertension in adults. Clinical guidelines 2020. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2020;25(3):3786. (In Russ.) DOI:10.15829/1560-4071-2020-3-3786.
85. SPRINT Research Group, Wright JT Jr, Williamson JD, Whelton PK, Snyder JK, Sink KM et al. A Randomized Trial of Intensive versus Standard Blood-Pressure Control. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(22):2103-16. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1511939.
86. Fudim M, Jones WS. New Curveball for Hypertension Guidelines? Circulation. 2018;138(17):1815-1818. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.036409.
87. Bavry AA, Anderson RD, Gong Y, Denardo SJ, Cooper-Dehoff RM, Handberg EM et al. Outcomes Among hypertensive patients with concomitant peripheral and coronary artery disease: findings from the INternational VErapamil-SR/Trandolapril STudy. Hypertension. 2010;55(1):48-53. DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.142240.
88. Itoga NK, Tawfik DS, Lee CK, Maruyama S, Leeper NJ, Chang TI. Association of Blood Pressure Measurements With Peripheral Artery Disease Events. Circulation. 2018;138(17):1805-1814. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.033348.
89. Mehler PS, Coll JR, Estacio R, Esler A, Schrier RW, Hiatt WR. Intensive blood pressure control reduces the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with peripheral arterial disease and type 2 diabetes. Circulation. 2003;107(5):753-6. DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000049640.46039.52.
90. Ostergren J, Sleight P, Dagenais G, Danisa K, Bosch J, Qilong Y et al. HOPE study investigators. Impact of ramipril in patients with evidence of clinical or subclinical peripheral arterial disease. Eur Heart J. 2004;25(1):17-24. DOI: 10.1016/j.ehj.2003.10.033.
91. ONTARGET Investigators, Yusuf S, Teo KK, Pogue J, Dyal L, Copland I et al. Telmisartan, ramipril, or both in patients at high risk for vascular events. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(15):1547-59. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa0801317.
92. Armstrong EJ, Chen DC, Singh GD, Amsterdam EA, Laird JR. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker use is associated with reduced major adverse cardiovascular events among patients with critical limb ischemia. Vasc Med. 2015;20(3):237-44. DOI: 10.1177/1358863X15574321.
93. Paravastu SC, Mendonca DA, Da Silva A. Beta blockers for peripheral arterial disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013(9):CD005508. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005508.pub3.
94. Aronow WS, Ahn C. Effect of beta blockers on incidence of new coronary events in older persons with prior myocardial infarction and symptomatic peripheral arterial disease. Am J Cardiol. 2001;87(11):1284-6. DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9149(01)01521-1.
95. Jukema JW, Szarek M, Zijlstra LE, de Silva HA, Bhatt DL, Bittner VA et al. ODYSSEY OUTCOMES Committees and Investigators. Alirocumab in Patients With Polyvascular Disease and Recent Acute Coronary Syndrome: ODYSSEY OUTCOMES Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;74(9):1167-1176. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.03.013.
96. Bonaca MP, Nault P, Giugliano RP, Keech AC, Pineda AL, Kanevsky E et al. Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Lowering With Evolocumab and Outcomes in Patients With Peripheral Artery Disease: Insights From the FOURIER Trial (Further Cardiovascular Outcomes Research With PCSK9 Inhibition in Subjects With Elevated Risk). Circulation. 2018;137(4):338-350. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.032235.
97. Verma S, Bhatt DL, Bain SC, Buse JB, Mann JFE, Marso SP et al. LEADER Publication Committee on behalf of the LEADER Trial Investigators. Effect of Liraglutide on Cardiovascular Events in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Polyvascular Disease: Results of the LEADER Trial. Circulation. 2018;137(20):2179-2183. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.033898.
98. Neal B, Perkovic V, Mahaffey KW, de Zeeuw D, Fulcher G, Erondu N et al. CANVAS Program Collaborative Group. Canagliflozin and Cardiovascular and Renal Events in Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(7):644-657. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1611925.
99. Verma S, Mazer CD, Al-Omran M, Inzucchi SE, Fitchett D, Hehnke U et al. Cardiovascular Outcomes and Safety of Empagliflozin in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Peripheral Artery Disease: A Subanalysis of EMPA-REG OUTCOME. Circulation. 2018;137(4):405-407. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.032031.
100. Bonaca MP, Wiviott SD, Zelniker TA, Mosenzon O, Bhatt DL, Leiter LA et al. Dapagliflozin and Cardiac, Kidney, and Limb Outcomes in Patients With and Without Peripheral Artery Disease in DECLARE-TIMI 58. Circulation. 2020;142(8):734-747. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.044775.
101. McMurray JJV, Solomon SD, Inzucchi SE, Køber L, Kosiborod MN, Martinez FA et al. DAPA-HF Trial Committees and Investigators. Dapagliflozin in Patients with Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(21):1995-2008. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1911303.
102. Li D, Yang JY, Wang T, Shen S, Tang H. Risks of diabetic foot syndrome and amputation associated with sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Diabetes Metab. 2018 Nov;44(5):410-414. DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2018.02.001.
103. Khouri C, Cracowski JL, Roustit M. SGLT-2 inhibitors and the risk of lower-limb amputation: Is this a class effect? Diabetes Obes Metab. 2018;20(6):1531-1534. DOI: 10.1111/dom.13255.
104. Valgimigli M, Bueno H, Byrne RA, Collet JP, Costa F, Jeppsson A et al. ESC Scientific Document Group; ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines (CPG); ESC National Cardiac Societies. 2017 ESC focused update on dual antiplatelet therapy in coronary artery disease developed in collaboration with EACTS: The Task Force for dual antiplatelet therapy in coronary artery disease of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and of the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Eur Heart J. 2018;39(3):213-260. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx419.
105. Hiatt WR, Fowkes FG, Heizer G, Berger JS, Baumgartner I, Held P et al. EUCLID Trial Steering Committee and Investigators. Ticagrelor versus Clopidogrel in Symptomatic Peripheral Artery Disease. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(1):32-40. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1611688.
106. Bhatt DL, Fox KA, Hacke W, Berger PB, Black HR, Boden WE et al. CHARISMA Investigators. Clopidogrel and aspirin versus aspirin alone for the prevention of atherothrombotic events. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(16):1706-17. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa060989.
107. Bhatt DL, Flather MD, Hacke W, Berger PB, Black HR, Boden WE et al. CHARISMA Investigators. Patients with prior myocardial infarction, stroke, or symptomatic peripheral arterial disease in the CHARISMA trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49(19):1982-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.03.025.
108. Mauri L, Kereiakes DJ, Yeh RW, Driscoll-Shempp P, Cutlip DE, Steg PG et al. DAPT Study Investigators. Twelve or 30 months of dual antiplatelet therapy after drug-eluting stents. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(23):2155-66. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1409312.
109. Bonaca MP, Bhatt DL, Cohen M, Steg PG, Storey RF, Jensen EC et al. PEGASUS-TIMI 54 Steering Committee and Investigators. Long-term use of ticagrelor in patients with prior myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(19):1791-800. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1500857.
110. Secemsky EA, Yeh RW, Kereiakes DJ, Cutlip DE, Steg PG, Massaro JM et al. Dual Antiplatelet Therapy Study Investigators. Extended Duration Dual Antiplatelet Therapy After Coronary Stenting Among Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease: A Subanalysis of the Dual Antiplatelet Therapy Study. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2017;10(9):942-954. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcin.2017.02.013.
111. Bonaca MP, Bhatt DL, Storey RF, Steg PG, Cohen M, Kuder J et al. Ticagrelor for Prevention of Ischemic Events After Myocardial Infarction in Patients With Peripheral Artery Disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67(23):2719-2728. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.03.524.
112. Bonaca MP, Bhatt DL, Steg PG, Storey RF, Cohen M, Im K et al. Ischaemic risk and efficacy of ticagrelor in relation to time from P2Y12 inhibitor withdrawal in patients with prior myocardial infarction: insights from PEGASUS-TIMI 54. Eur Heart J. 2016;37(14):1133-42. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv531.
113. Fender AC, Rauch BH, Geisler T, Schrör K. Protease-Activated Receptor PAR-4: An Inducible Switch between Thrombosis and Vascular Inflammation? Thromb Haemost. 2017;117(11):2013-2025. DOI: 10.1160/TH17-03-0219.
114. Borissoff JI, Joosen IA, Versteylen MO, Spronk HM, ten Cate H, Hofstra L. Accelerated in vivo thrombin formation independently predicts the presence and severity of CT angiographic coronary atherosclerosis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012;5(12):1201-10. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2012.01.023.
115. Gurbel PA, Bliden KP, Navickas I, Cohen E, Tantry US. Post-coronary intervention recurrent ischemia in the presence of adequate platelet inhibition by dual antiplatelet therapy: what are we overlooking? J Thromb Haemost. 2007;5(11):2300-1. DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2007.02749.x.
116. Anand SS, Yusuf S. Oral anticoagulant therapy in patients with coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 1999;282(21):2058-67. DOI: 10.1001/jama.282.21.2058.
117. Anand SS, Yusuf S. Oral anticoagulants in patients with coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41(4 Suppl S):62S-69S. DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(02)02776-6.
118. Andreotti F, Testa L, Biondi-Zoccai GG, Crea F. Aspirin plus warfarin compared to aspirin alone after acute coronary syndromes: an updated and comprehensive meta-analysis of 25,307 patients. Eur Heart J. 2006;27(5):519-26. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehi485.
119. Alexander JH, Lopes RD, James S, Kilaru R, He Y, Mohan P et al. APPRAISE-2 Investigators. Apixaban with antiplatelet therapy after acute coronary syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(8):699-708. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1105819.
120. Mega JL, Braunwald E, Wiviott SD, Bassand JP, Bhatt DL, Bode C et al. ATLAS ACS 2–TIMI 51 Investigators. Rivaroxaban in patients with a recent acute coronary syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(1):9-19. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1112277.
121. Collet JP, Thiele H, Barbato E, Barthélémy O, Bauersachs J, Bhatt DL et al. ESC Scientific Document Group. 2020 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation. Eur Heart J. 2020 Aug 29:ehaa575. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa575. Epub ahead of print.
122. Ibanez B, James S, Agewall S, Antunes MJ, Bucciarelli-Ducci C, Bueno H et al. ESC Scientific Document Group. 2017 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation: The Task Force for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2018;39(2):119-177. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx393.
123. Eikelboom JW, Connolly SJ, Bosch J, Dagenais GR, Hart RG, Shestakovska O et al. COMPASS Investigators. Rivaroxaban with or without Aspirin in Stable Cardiovascular Disease. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(14):1319-1330. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1709118.
124. Connolly SJ, Eikelboom JW, Bosch J, Dagenais G, Dyal L, Lanas F et al. COMPASS investigators. Rivaroxaban with or without aspirin in patients with stable coronary artery disease: an international, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2018;391(10117):205-218. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32458-3.
125. Anand SS, Bosch J, Eikelboom JW, Connolly SJ, Diaz R, Widimsky P et al. COMPASS Investigators. Rivaroxaban with or without aspirin in patients with stable peripheral or carotid artery disease: an international, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2018;391(10117):219-229. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32409-1.
126. Sharma M, Hart RG, Connolly SJ, Bosch J, Shestakovska O, Ng KKH et al. Stroke Outcomes in the COMPASS Trial. Circulation. 2019;139(9):1134-1145. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.035864.
127. Stable ischemic heart disease. Clinical guidelines 2020. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2020;25:4076. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.15829/1560-4071-2020-4076.
128. Maron DJ, Hochman JS, Reynolds HR, Bangalore S, O'Brien SM, Boden WE et al. ISCHEMIA Research Group. Initial Invasive or Conservative Strategy for Stable Coronary Disease. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(15):1395-1407. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1915922.
Review
For citations:
Grachev V.G., Vedenskaya S.S., Smolenskaya O.G. Features of Antithrombotic Therapy in Patients with Multifocal Arterial Disease. Kardiologiia. 2021;61(3):87-95. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.18087/cardio.2021.3.n1498
Views:
1169
Email this article 
Post a Comment 
