ВАЖНО! Правила приравнивания журналов, входящих в международные базы данных к журналам перечня ВАК.
Ответ на официальный запрос в ВАК журнала Кардиология.

Preview

Kardiologiia

Advanced search

The use of diuretics in chronic heart failure. Position paper of the Russian Heart Failure Society

https://doi.org/10.18087/cardio.2020.12.n1427

Abstract

The document focuses on key issues of diuretic therapy in CHF from the standpoint of current views on the pathogenesis of edema syndrome, its diagnosis, and characteristics of using diuretics in various clinical situations.

About the Authors

V. Yu. Mareev
Medical Research and Educational Center of the M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia
Russian Federation
Chief Researcher Medical Research and Education Center of Moscow State University M.V. Lomonosova, Moscow, Russia


A. A. Garganeeva
"Research Institute for Cardiology", Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences
Russian Federation

Head of the Department of General Clinical Cardiology and Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases

 

 



F. T. Ageev
Scientific Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Russia
Russian Federation
Head of the Scientific Dispensary Department


G. P. Arutunov
Russian National Research Medical University named after Pirogov, Moscow
Russian Federation

Head of the Department of Internal Medicine and General Physiotherapy of the Pediatric Faculty

 



Yu. L. Begrambekova
Medical Research and Educational Center of the M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia
Russian Federation
Leading Researcher Medical Research and Education Center of Moscow State University M.V. Lomonosova


Yu. N. Belenkov
Sechenov Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
Russian Federation

Director of the Ostroumov Clinic of Hospital Therapy

 



Yu. A. Vasyuk
Moscow State Medical and Dental University named after Evdokimov, Moscow, Russia
Russian Federation

Head of the Department of Hospital Therapy No. 1

 



A. S. Galyavich
Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia
Russian Federation

 

 Head of the Department of Faculty Therapy and Cardiology



S. R. Gilarevsky
Russian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Moscow, Russia
Russian Federation
Professor of the Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapy


M. G. Glezer
Sechenov Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
Russian Federation
Professor at the Department of Preventive and Emergency Cardiology


O. M. Drapkina
National Medical Research Centre for Therapy and Preventive Medicine, Moscow, Russia
Russian Federation
Director


D. V. Duplyakov
Samara Regional Clinical Cardiological Dispensary, Russia
Russian Federation
Deputy Chief Physician for Medical Affair


Zh. D. Kobalava
Russian State University of Peoples' Friendship, Moscow, Russia
Russian Federation
Head of the Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Advanced Training of Medical Workers


N. A. Koziolova
Federal State Budgetary Institution of Healthcare of Higher Education “Perm State Medical University named after Academician E.A. Wagner ", Russia
Russian Federation
Head of the Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases No. 2


E. A. Kuzheleva
"Research Institute for Cardiology", Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
Russian Federation


Yu. V. Mareev
National Medical Research Centre for Therapy and Preventive Medicine, Moscow, Russia Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, Glasgow, Great Britain
Russian Federation


A. G. Ovchinnikov
Scientific Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Russia
Russian Federation


Ya. A. Orlova
Medical Research and Educational Center of the M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia
Russian Federation
Head of the Department of Age-Associated Diseases Medical Research Center of Moscow State University M.V. Lomonosova


N. B. Perepech
St. Petersburg State University, Russia
Russian Federation
Director of the Scientific, Clinical and Educational Center "Cardiology" of the Institute of High Medical Technologies, Faculty of Medicine,


M. Yu. Sitnikova
Almazov National Medical Research Center, St. Petersburg, Russia
Russian Federation


A. A. Skvortsov
Scientific Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Russia
Russian Federation
Head of the Research Department of Heart Failure


V. V. Skibitskiy
Kuban State Medical University" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Russia
Russian Federation
Head of the Department of Hospital Therapy


A. I. Chesnikova
Rostov State Medical University, Russia
Russian Federation


References

1. Mareev V.Yu., Fomin I.V., Ageev F.T., Begrambekova Yu.L., Vasyuk Yu.A., Garganeeva A.A. et al. Russian Heart Failure Society, Russian Society of Cardiology. Russian Scientific Medical Society of Internal Medicine Guidelines for Heart failure: chronic (CHF) and acute decompensated (ADHF). Diagnosis, prevention and treatment. Kardiologiia. 2018;58 (6S): 8-158. DOI: 10.18087/cardio.2475

2. Lopez-Sendon J. The heart failure epidemic. Medicographia. 2011;33 (4):363-9. [Av. at: https://www.medicographia.com/2012/02/theheart-failure-epidemic/]

3. Longjian Liu, Howard J. Eisen. Epidemiology of Heart Failure and Scope of the Problem. Cardiology Clinics. 2014;32 (1):1-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.ccl.2013.09.009

4. Störk S, Handrock R, Jacob J, Walker J, Calado F, Lahoz R et al. Epidemiology of heart failure in Germany: a retrospective database study. Clinical Research in Cardiology. 2017;106 (11):913-22. DOI: 10.1007/s00392-017-1137-7

5. Mosterd A, Hoes AW. Clinical epidemiology of heart failure. Heart. 2007;93 (9):1137-46. DOI: 10.1136/hrt.2003.025270

6. Belenkov Yu.N., Mareev V.Yu., Ageev F.T., Fomin I.V., Badin Yu.V., Polyakov D. S. et al. Veritable prevalence of CHF in the European part of Russian Federation (EPOCHA trial, hospital stage). Russian Heart Failure Journal. 2011;12 (2):63-8.

7. Ministry of Health of Russian Federation. Chronic heart failure. clinical recommendations. KR 156/1. Av. at: http://cr.rosminzdrav.ru/#!/schema/134. 2020.

8. Cleland JG, Swedberg K, Cohen-Solal A, Cosin-Aguilar J, Dietz R, Follath F et al. The Euro Heart Failure Survey of the EUROHEART survey programme. A survey on the quality of care among patients with heart failure in Europe. The Study Group on Diagnosis of the Working Group on Heart Failure of the European Society of Cardiology. The Medicines Evaluation Group Centre for Health Economics University of York. European Journal of Heart Failure. 2000;2 (2):123-32. DOI: 10.1016/s1388-9842 (00) 00081-7

9. Garganeeva A.A., Kuzheleva E.A., Kuzmichkina M.A., Ryabov V.V., Mareev Yu.V., Mareev V. Yu. Characteristics and treatment of patients with heart failure admitted to a cardiology department in 2002 and 2016. Kardiologiia. 2018;58 (12S): 18-26. DOI: 10.18087/cardio.2605

10. Crespo-Leiro MG, Anker SD, Maggioni AP, Coats AJ, Filippatos G, Ruschitzka F et al. European Society of Cardiology Heart Failure Long-Term Registry (ESC-HF-LT): 1-year follow-up outcomes and differences across regions. European Journal of Heart Failure. 2016;18 (6):613-25. DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.566

11. Arutyunov A.G., Dragunov D.O., Arutyunov G.P., Rylova A.K., Pashkevich D.D., Viter K.V. et al. First open study of syndrome of acute decompensation of heart failure and concomitant diseases in Russian Federation: independent registry ORAKUL. Kardiologiia. 2015;55 (5):12-21.

12. Cleland JGF, Swedberg K, Follath F, Komajda M, Cohen-Solal A, Aguilar JC et al. The EuroHeart Failure survey programme - a survey on the quality of care among patients with heart failure in Europe. Part 1: patient characteristics and diagnosis. European Heart Journal. 2003;24 (5):442-63. DOI: 10.1016/s0195-668x (02) 00823-0

13. Gheorghiade M, Pang PS. Acute Heart Failure Syndromes. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2009;53 (7):557-73. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2008.10.041

14. Orlova Ya.A., Tkacheva O.N., Arutyunov G.P., Kotovskaya Yu.V., Lopatin Yu.M., Mareev V.Yu. et al. Features of diagnostics and treatment of chronic heart failure in elderly and senile patients. Expert opinion of the Society of Experts in Heart Failure, Russian Association of Gerontologists, and Euroasian Association of Therapists. Kardiologiia. 2018;58 (12S): 42-72. DOI: 10.18087/cardio.2560

15. Gilyarevsky S.R., Golshmid M.V., Kuzmina I.M., Bendeliani N.G. Anemia in Patients with Heart Failure: Current State of the Problem. Russian Sklifosovsky Journal ‘Emergency Medical Care’. 2019;8 (1):68-73. DOI: 10.23934/2223-9022-2019-8-1-68-73

16. Kolegova I.I., Chernyavina A.I., Koziolova N.A. Characteristics of the chronic heart failure course and target organ condition in cardiorenal syndrome. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2018;23 (1):21-6. DOI: 10.15829/1560-4071-2018-1-21-26

17. Tarlovskaya E.I., Mikhailova Yu.V. Chronic heart failure and the frequency of taking nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: a register-based study on the possible risks. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2020;25 (1):59-64.

18. Fudim M, O’Connor CM, Mulder H, Coles A, Bhatt AS, Ambrosy AP et al. Loop diuretic adjustments in patients with chronic heart failure: Insights from HF-ACTION. American Heart Journal. 2018;205:133- 41. DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2018.06.017

19. Dini FL, Ghio S, Klersy C, Rossi A, Simioniuc A, Scelsi L et al. Effects on survival of loop diuretic dosing in ambulatory patients with chronic heart failure using a propensity score analysis. International Journal of Clinical Practice. 2013;67 (7):656-64. DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.12144

20. Abdel-Qadir HM, Tu JV, Yun L, Austin PC, Newton GE, Lee DS. Diuretic dose and long-term outcomes in elderly patients with heart failure after hospitalization. American Heart Journal. 2010;160 (2):264- 271.e1. DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2010.05.032

21. Devroey D, Van Casteren V. Symptoms and clinical signs associated with hospital admission and mortality for heart failure. Central European Journal of Public Health. 2010;18 (4):209-14. PMID: 21361105

22. DeVore AD, Hasselblad V, Mentz RJ, O’Connor CM, Armstrong PW, McMurray JJ et al. Loop diuretic dose adjustments after a hospitalization for heart failure: insights from ASCEND-HF: Diuretics in ASCEND-HF. European Journal of Heart Failure. 2015;17 (3):340-6. DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.235

23. Kiernan MS, Stevens SR, Tang WHW, Butler J, Anstrom KJ, Birati EY et al. Determinants of Diuretic Responsiveness and Associated Outcomes During Acute Heart Failure Hospitalization: An Analysis From the NHLBI Heart Failure Network Clinical Trials. Journal of Cardiac Failure. 2018;24 (7):428-38. DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2018.02.002

24. Faris RF, Flather M, Purcell H, Poole-Wilson PA, Coats AJ. Diuretics for heart failure. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2012;2: CD003838. DOI: 10.1002/14651858. CD003838.pub3

25. Drechsler K, Dietz R, Klein H, Wollert KC, Storp D, Molling J et al. Euro heart failure survey: Medical treatment not in line with current guidelines. Zeitschrift für Kardiologie. 2005;94 (8):510-5. DOI: 10.1007/s00392-005-0245-y

26. Kostenko V.A., Sitnikova M.Yu., Skorodumova E.A., Fedorov A.N., Skorodumova E.G. New Scale for Assessment of Prognosis of Survival for Two Years After Hospitalization Because of Acute Decompensation of Heart Failure. Kardiologiia. 2017;57 (6):33-9.

27. Mullens W, Damman K, Harjola V-P, Mebazaa A, Brunner-La Rocca H-P, Martens P et al. The use of diuretics in heart failure with congestion - a position statement from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology. European Journal of Heart Failure. 2019;21 (2):137-55. DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.1369

28. Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Butler J, Casey DE, Drazner MH et al. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2013;62 (16):e147-239. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.05.019

29. Schrier RW. Body Fluid Volume Regulation in Health and Disease: A Unifying Hypothesis. Annals of Internal Medicine. 1990;113 (2):155-9. DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-113-2-155

30. Ronco C, Haapio M, House AA, Anavekar N, Bellomo R. Cardiorenal Syndrome. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2008;52 (19):1527-39. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2008.07.051

31. Bekheirnia M, Schrier R. Pathophysiology of water and sodium retention: edematous states with normal kidney function. Current Opinion in Pharmacology. 2006;6 (2):202-7. DOI: 10.1016/j. coph.2005.09.008

32. Verbrugge FH, Dupont M, Steels P, Grieten L, Malbrain M, Tang WHW et al. Abdominal Contributions to Cardiorenal Dysfunction in Congestive Heart Failure. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2013;62 (6):485-95. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.04.070

33. Miller WL. Fluid Volume Overload and Congestion in Heart Failure: Time to Reconsider Pathophysiology and How Volume Is Assessed. Circulation: Heart Failure. 2016;9 (8):e002922. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.115.002922

34. Burnett JC, Opgenorth TJ, Granger JP. The renal action of atrial natriuretic peptide during control of glomerular filtration. Kidney International. 1986;30 (1):16-9. DOI: 10.1038/ki.1986.144

35. Richards AM. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and the cardiac natriuretic peptides. Heart (British Cardiac Society). 1996;76 (3 Suppl 3):36-44. DOI: 10.1136/hrt.76.3_suppl_3.36

36. Melo LG, Veress AT, Ackermann U, Sonnenberg H. Chronic regulation of arterial blood pressure by ANP: role of endogenous vasoactive endothelial factors. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 1998;275 (5):H1826-33. DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.1998.275.5. H1826

37. Komajda M, Lam CSP. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a clinical dilemma. European Heart Journal. 2014;35 (16):1022-32. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehu067

38. Greene SJ, Gheorghiade M, Borlaug BA, Pieske B, Vaduganathan M, Burnett JC et al. The cGMP signaling pathway as a therapeutic target in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Journal of the American Heart Association. 2013;2 (6):e000536. DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.113.000536

39. Schrier RW, Abraham WT. Hormones and Hemodynamics in Heart Failure. New England Journal of Medicine. 1999;341 (8):577-85. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199908193410806

40. Clerico A, Recchia FA, Passino C, Emdin M. Cardiac endocrine function is an essential component of the homeostatic regulation network: physiological and clinical implications. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 2006;290 (1):H17-29. DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00684.2005

41. Volpe M, Carnovali M, Mastromarino V. The natriuretic peptides system in the pathophysiology of heart failure: from molecular basis to treatment. Clinical Science. 2015;130 (2):57-77. DOI: 10.1042/CS20150469

42. Gheorghiade M, Filippatos G, De Luca L, Burnett J. Congestion in Acute Heart Failure Syndromes: An Essential Target of Evaluation and Treatment. The American Journal of Medicine. 2006;119 (12):S3-10. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2006.09.011

43. Zile MR, Bennett TD, St. John Sutton M, Cho YK, Adamson PB, Aaron MF et al. Transition from Chronic Compensated to Acute Decompensated Heart Failure: Pathophysiological Insights Obtained from Continuous Monitoring of Intracardiac Pressures. Circulation. 2008;118 (14):1433-41. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.783910

44. Adamson PB. Pathophysiology of the transition from chronic compensated and acute decompensated heart failure: New insights from continuous monitoring devices. Current Heart Failure Reports. 2009;6 (4):287-92. DOI: 10.1007/s11897-009-0039-z

45. Nijst P, Verbrugge FH, Grieten L, Dupont M, Steels P, Tang WHW et al. The Pathophysiological Role of Interstitial Sodium in Heart Failure. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2015;65 (4):378- 88. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.11.025

46. Gelman S, Warner DS, Warner MA. Venous Function and Central Venous Pressure: a physiologic story. Anesthesiology. 2008;108 (4):735-48. DOI: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181672607

47. Greenway CV. Role of splanchnic venous system in overall cardiovascular homeostasis. Federation Proceedings. 1983;42 (6):1678-84. PMID: 6832386

48. Yu C-M, Wang L, Chau E, Chan RH-W, Kong S-L, Tang M-O et al. Intrathoracic Impedance Monitoring in Patients with Heart Failure: Correlation With Fluid Status and Feasibility of Early Warning Preceding Hospitalization. Circulation. 2005;112 (6):841-8. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.492207

49. Miller WL, Mullan BP. Understanding the Heterogeneity in Volume Overload and Fluid Distribution in Decompensated Heart Failure Is Key to Optimal Volume Management: role for blood volume quantitation. JACC: Heart Failure. 2014;2 (3):298-305. DOI: 10.1016/j.jchf.2014.02.007

50. Chaudhry SI, Wang Y, Concato J, Gill TM, Krumholz HM. Patterns of Weight Change Preceding Hospitalization for Heart Failure. Circulation. 2007;116 (14):1549-54. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.690768

51. Dovancescu S, Pellicori P, Mabote T, Torabi A, Clark AL, Cleland JGF. The effects of short-term omission of daily medication on the pathophysiology of heart failure: Medication omission in heart failure. European Journal of Heart Failure. 2017;19 (5):643-9. DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.748

52. Fallick C, Sobotka PA, Dunlap ME. Sympathetically Mediated Changes in Capacitance: Redistribution of the Venous Reservoir as a Cause of Decompensation. Circulation: Heart Failure. 2011;4 (5):669-75. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.111.961789

53. Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, Bueno H, Cleland JGF, Coats AJS et al. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. European Journal of Heart Failure. 2016;18 (8):891-975. DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.592

54. Drazner MH, Rame JE, Stevenson LW, Dries DL. Prognostic importance of elevated jugular venous pressure and a third heart sound in patients with heart failure. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2001;345 (8):574-81. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa010641

55. Gheorghiade M, Follath F, Ponikowski P, Barsuk JH, Blair JEA, Cleland JG et al. Assessing and grading congestion in acute heart failure: a scientific statement from the Acute Heart Failure Committee of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology and endorsed by the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. European Journal of Heart Failure. 2010;12 (5):423-33. DOI: 10.1093/eurjhf/hfq045

56. Martens P, Mullens W. How to tackle congestion in acute heart failure. The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine. 2018;33 (3):462-73. DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2017.355

57. Cohn JN. Jugular venous pressure monitoring: A lost art? Journal of Cardiac Failure. 1997;3 (2):71-3. DOI: 10.1016/S1071-9164 (97) 90037-3

58. Vinayak AG, Levitt J, Gehlbach B, Pohlman AS, Hall JB, Kress JP. Usefulness of the External Jugular Vein Examination in Detecting Abnormal Central Venous Pressure in Critically Ill Patients. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2006;166 (19):2132-7. DOI: 10.1001/ archinte.166.19.2132

59. Chakko S, Woska D, Martinez H, de Marchena E, Futterman L, Kessler KM et al. Clinical, radiographic, and hemodynamic correlations in chronic congestive heart failure: conflicting results may lead to inappropriate care. The American Journal of Medicine. 1991;90 (3):353-9. DOI: 10.1016/0002-9343 (91) 80016-f

60. Campbell P, Drazner MH, Kato M, Lakdawala N, Palardy M, Nohria A et al. Mismatch of Right- and Left-Sided Filling Pressures in Chronic Heart Failure. Journal of Cardiac Failure. 2011;17 (7):561-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2011.02.013

61. McGee SR. Physical examination of venous pressure: a critical review. American Heart Journal. 1998;136 (1):10-8. DOI: 10.1016/s0002- 8703 (98) 70175-9

62. Butman SM, Ewy GA, Standen JR, Kern KB, Hahn E. Bedside cardiovascular examination in patients with severe chronic heart failure: importance of rest or inducible jugular venous distension. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1993;22 (4):968-74. DOI: 10.1016/0735-1097(93)90405-P

63. Thibodeau JT, Drazner MH. The Role of the Clinical Examination in Patients with Heart Failure. JACC: Heart Failure. 2018;6 (7):543- 51. DOI: 10.1016/j.jchf.2018.04.005

64. Sochowski RA, Dubbin JD, Naqvi SZ. Clinical and hemodynamic assessment of the hepatojugular reflux. The American Journal of Cardiology. 1990;66 (12):1002-6. DOI: 10.1016/0002-9149(90)90940-3

65. Wiese J. The abdominojugular reflux sign. The American Journal of Medicine. 2000;109 (1):59-61. DOI: 10.1016/S0002-9343 (00) 00443-5

66. Ewy GA. The Abdominojugular Test: Technique and Hemodynamic Correlates. Annals of Internal Medicine. 1988;109 (6):456-60. DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-109-6-456

67. Gheorghiade M, De Luca L, Fonarow GC, Filippatos G, Metra M, Francis GS. Pathophysiologic targets in the early phase of acute heart failure syndromes. The American Journal of Cardiology. 2005;96 (6A): 11G-17G. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.07.016

68. Lala A, McNulty SE, Mentz RJ, Dunlay SM, Vader JM, AbouEzzeddine OF et al. Relief and Recurrence of Congestion During and After Hospitalization for Acute Heart Failure: Insights from Diuretic Optimization Strategy Evaluation in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure (DOSE-AHF) and Cardiorenal Rescue Study in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure (CARESS-HF). Circulation: Heart Failure. 2015;8 (4):741-8. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.114.001957

69. Nohria A, Tsang SW, Fang JC, Lewis EF, Jarcho JA, Mudge GH et al. Clinical assessment identifies hemodynamic profiles that predict outcomes in patients admitted with heart failure. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2003;41 (10):1797-804. DOI: 10.1016/S0735-1097(03)00309-7

70. Formiga F, Chivite D, Manito N, Casas S, Llopis F, Pujol R. Hospitalization due to acute heart failure. Role of the precipitating factors. International Journal of Cardiology. 2007;120 (2):237-41. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2006.10.004

71. Tavazzi L, Maggioni AP, Lucci D, Cacciatore G, Ansalone G, Oliva F et al. Nationwide survey on acute heart failure in cardiology ward services in Italy. European Heart Journal. 2005;27 (10):1207-15. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehi845

72. Girerd N, Seronde M-F, Coiro S, Chouihed T, Bilbault P, Braun F et al. Integrative Assessment of Congestion in Heart Failure Throughout the Patient Journey. JACC: Heart Failure. 2018;6 (4):273-85. DOI: 10.1016/j.jchf.2017.09.023

73. Van der Meer P, Postmus D, Ponikowski P, Cleland JG, O’Connor CM, Cotter G et al. The Predictive Value of Short-Term Changes in Hemoglobin Concentration in Patients Presenting with Acute Decompensated Heart Failure. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2013;61 (19):1973-81. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.12.050

74. Mentz RJ, Kjeldsen K, Rossi GP, Voors AA, Cleland JGF, Anker SD et al. Decongestion in acute heart failure. European Journal of Heart Failure. 2014;16 (5):471-82. DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.74

75. Maisel AS, Krishnaswamy P, Nowak RM, McCord J, Hollander JE, Duc P et al. Rapid measurement of B-type natriuretic peptide in the emergency diagnosis of heart failure. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002;347 (3):161-7. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa020233

76. Januzzi JL, Camargo CA, Anwaruddin S, Baggish AL, Chen AA, Krauser DG et al. The N-terminal Pro-BNP investigation of dyspnea in the emergency department (PRIDE) study. The American Journal of Cardiology. 2005;95 (8):948-54. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2004.12.032

77. Januzzi JL, Chen-Tournoux AA, Christenson RH, Doros G, Hollander JE, Levy PD et al. N-Terminal Pro - B-Type Natriuretic Peptide in the Emergency Department. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2018;71 (11):1191-200. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.01.021

78. Mueller C, McDonald K, de Boer RA, Maisel A, Cleland JGF, Kozhuharov N et al. Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology practical guidance on the use of natriuretic peptide concentrations. European Journal of Heart Failure. 2019;21 (6):715-31. DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.1494

79. Maisel A, Mueller C, Adams K, Anker SD, Aspromonte N, Cleland JGF et al. State of the art: Using natriuretic peptide levels in clinical practice. European Journal of Heart Failure. 2008;10 (9):824-39. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejheart.2008.07.014

80. Brenden CK, Hollander JE, Guss D, McCullough PA, Nowak R, Green G et al. Gray zone BNP levels in heart failure patients in the emergency department: Results from the Rapid Emergency Department Heart Failure Outpatient Trial (REDHOT) multicenter study. American Heart Journal. 2006;151 (5):1006-11. DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2005.10.017

81. Januzzi JL, van Kimmenade R, Lainchbury J, Bayés-Genis A, Ordoñez-llanos J, Santaló-Bel M et al. NT-proBNP testing for diagnosis and short-term prognosis in acute destabilized heart failure: an international pooled analysis of 1256 patients: The International Collaborative of NT-proBNP Study. European Heart Journal. 2005;27 (3):330-7. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehi631

82. Araújo JP, Azevedo A, Lourenço P, Rocha-Gonçalves F, Ferreira A, Bettencourt P. Intraindividual Variation of Amino-Terminal Pro-BType Natriuretic Peptide Levels in Patients with Stable Heart Failure. The American Journal of Cardiology. 2006;98 (9):1248-50. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.06.017

83. Meijers WC, van der Velde AR, Muller Kobold AC, Dijck-Brouwer J, Wu AH, Jaffe A et al. Variability of biomarkers in patients with chronic heart failure and healthy controls. European Journal of Heart Failure. 2017;19 (3):357-65. DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.669

84. Mair J, Falkensammer G, Poelzl G, Hammerer-Lercher A, Griesmacher A, Pachinger O. B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) is more sensitive to rapid hemodynamic changes in acute heart failure than N-terminal proBNP. Clinica Chimica Acta. 2007;379 (1-2):163-6. DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2006.12.018

85. Thygesen K, Mair J, Mueller C, Huber K, Weber M, Plebani M et al. Recommendations for the use of natriuretic peptides in acute cardiac care: A position statement from the Study Group on Biomarkers in Cardiology of the ESC Working Group on Acute Cardiac Care. European Heart Journal. 2012;33 (16):2001-6. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehq509

86. Anwaruddin S, Lloyd-Jones DM, Baggish A, Chen A, Krauser D, Tung R et al. Renal Function, Congestive Heart Failure, and Amino-Terminal Pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide Measurement: Results from the ProBNP Investigation of Dyspnea in the Emergency Department (PRIDE) Study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2006;47 (1):91-7. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2005.08.051

87. Testani JM, Brisco MA, Chen J, McCauley BD, Parikh CR, Tang WHW. Timing of Hemoconcentration During Treatment of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure and Subsequent Survival. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2013;62 (6):516-24. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.05.027

88. Breidthardt T, Weidmann ZM, Twerenbold R, Gantenbein C, Stallone F, Rentsch K et al. Impact of haemoconcentration during acute heart failure therapy on mortality and its relationship with worsening renal function. European Journal of Heart Failure. 2017;19 (2):226- 36. DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.667

89. Miller WL, Mullan BP. Peripheral Venous Hemoglobin and Red Blood Cell Mass Mismatch in Volume Overload Systolic Heart Failure: Implications for Patient Management. Journal of Cardiovascular Translational Research. 2015;8 (7):404-10. DOI: 10.1007/s12265-015-9650-4

90. Mullens W, Abrahams Z, Francis GS, Sokos G, Taylor DO, Starling RC et al. Importance of Venous Congestion for Worsening of Renal Function in Advanced Decompensated Heart Failure. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2009;53 (7):589-96. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2008.05.068

91. Mebazaa A. Congestion and Cardiorenal Syndromes. Contributions to Nephrology. 2010;165:140-4. DOI: 10.1159/000313752

92. Metra M, Nodari S, Parrinello G, Bordonali T, Bugatti S, Danesi R et al. Worsening renal function in patients hospitalised for acute heart failure: Clinical implications and prognostic significance. European Journal of Heart Failure. 2008;10 (2):188-95. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejheart.2008.01.011

93. Schrier RW. Blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine: not married in heart failure. Circulation. Heart Failure. 2008;1 (1):2-5. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.108.770834

94. Aronson D, Mittleman MA, Burger AJ. Elevated blood urea nitrogen level as a predictor of mortality in patients admitted for decompensated heart failure. The American Journal of Medicine. 2004;116 (7):466-73. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2003.11.014

95. Filippatos G, Rossi J, Lloyd-Jones DM, Stough WG, Ouyang J, Shin DD et al. Prognostic Value of Blood Urea Nitrogen in Patients Hospitalized with Worsening Heart Failure: Insights from the Acute and Chronic Therapeutic Impact of a Vasopressin Antagonist in Chronic Heart Failure (ACTIV in CHF) Study. Journal of Cardiac Failure. 2007;13 (5):360-4. DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2007.02.005

96. Shinagawa H, Inomata T, Koitabashi T, Nakano H, Takeuchi I, Naruke T et al. Prognostic Significance of Increased Serum Bilirubin Levels Coincident with Cardiac Decompensation in Chronic Heart Failure. Circulation Journal. 2008;72 (3):364-9. DOI: 10.1253/circj.72.364

97. Kirov M.Yu., Gorobets E. S., Bobovnik S.V., Zabolotskikh I.B., Kokhno V.N., Lebedinskii K.M. et al. Principles of perioperative infusion therapy in adults. Anesthesiology and Reanimatology. 2018;63 (6):82-103. DOI: 10.17116/anaesthesiology201806182

98. Kalashnikov R.N., Nedashkovskiy E.V., Savin P.P., Smirnov A.V. Technical complications of puncture and functional anatomy of the subclavian vein. Anesthesiology and Reanimatology. 1991;2:50-4.

99. Chibunovsky V.A. Central venous pressure. Its role in the assessment of blood circulation and in the control of infusion therapy. Methods for measuring it. (Methodical recommendations). -Almaty; 2005. - 19 p.

100. Magder S, Bafaqeeh F. The Clinical Role of Central Venous Pressure Measurements. Journal of Intensive Care Medicine. 2007;22 (1):44- 51. DOI: 10.1177/0885066606295303

101. Sumin S.A. The state of emergency. -M.: Medical Information Agency;2006. - 727 p.

102. Meduniver.com. Central venous pressure (CVP). The value of Central venous pressure (CVP). Regulation of CVD. [Internet] Available at: https://meduniver.com/Medical/Physiology/381.html

103. Practice Guidelines for Preoperative Fasting and the Use of Pharmacologic Agents to Reduce the Risk of Pulmonary Aspiration: Application to Healthy Patients Undergoing Elective Procedures. Anesthesiology. 2017;126 (3):376-93. DOI: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000001452

104. Barile L, Fominskiy E, Di Tomasso N, Alpìzar Castro LE, Landoni G, De Luca M et al. Acute Normovolemic Hemodilution Reduces Allogeneic Red Blood Cell Transfusion in Cardiac Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Trials. Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2017;124 (3):743-52. DOI: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000001609

105. Yastrebov K.M., Kohno V.N., Loktin E.M. Basics of heart and lung echosonography for an anesthesiologist-resuscitator. -Novosibirsk: SPF GAUCK NSO GONB;2016. - 156 p.

106. Barbier C, Loubières Y, Schmit C, Hayon J, Ricôme J-L, Jardin F et al. Respiratory changes in inferior vena cava diameter are helpful in predicting fluid responsiveness in ventilated septic patients. Intensive Care Medicine. 2004;30 (9):1740-6. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-004-2259-8

107. Corl K, Napoli AM, Gardiner F. Bedside sonographic measurement of the inferior vena cava caval index is a poor predictor of fluid responsiveness in emergency department patients. Emergency Medicine Australasia. 2012;24 (5):534-9. DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-6723.2012.01596.x

108. Feissel M, Michard F, Faller J-P, Teboul J-L. The respiratory variation in inferior vena cava diameter as a guide to fluid therapy. Intensive Care Medicine. 2004;30 (9):1834-7. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-004-2233-5

109. Mozzini C, Di Dio Perna M, Pesce G, Garbin U, Fratta Pasini AM, Ticinesi A et al. Lung ultrasound in internal medicine efficiently drives the management of patients with heart failure and speeds up the discharge time. Internal and Emergency Medicine. 2018;13 (1):27-33. DOI: 10.1007/s11739-017-1738-1

110. Kobalava Zh.D., Safarova A.F., Kokhan E.V., Islamova M.R. Lung ultrasound in optimizing management of patients with heart failure: current status and future prospects. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2020;25 (1):97-104. DOI: 10.15829/1560-4071-2020-1-3666

111. Muniz RT, Mesquita ET, Souza Junior CV, Martins W de A. Pulmonary Ultrasound in Patients with Heart Failure - Systematic Review. Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia. 2018;110 (6):577-84. DOI: 10.5935/abc.20180097

112. Kobalava Zh.D., Safarova A.F., Soloveva A.E., Cabello F.E., Meray I.A., Shavarova E.K. et al. Pulmonary congestion by lung ultrasound in decompensated heart failure. Kardiologiia. 2019;59 (8):5- 14. DOI: 10.18087/cardio.2019.8.n534

113. Rivas‐Lasarte M, Álvarez‐García J, Fernández‐Martínez J, Maestro A, López‐López L, Solé‐González E et al. Lung ultrasound‐guided treatment in ambulatory patients with heart failure: a randomized controlled clinical trial (LUS‐HF study). European Journal of Heart Failure. 2019;21 (12):1605-13. DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.1604

114. Shochat MK, Shotan A, Blondheim DS, Kazatsker M, Dahan I, Asif A et al. Non-Invasive Lung IMPEDANCE-Guided Preemptive Treatment in Chronic Heart Failure Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial (IMPEDANCE-HF Trial). Journal of Cardiac Failure. 2016;22 (9):713-22. DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2016.03.015

115. Belenkov Yu.N., Mareev V.Yu., Ageev F.T. Chronic heart failure: selected lectures on cardiology. -M.: GEOTAR-Media;2006. - 432 p. ISBN 978-5-9704-0119-4

116. Bizunok N.A., Gayduk A.V. Diuretics. -Minsk: BSMU;2016. -36 p. ISBN 978-985-567-557-1

117. Maksimov M.L., Ermolaeva A. S., Kuchaeva A.V. Choice of the drug for the diurethic therapy: a view of a clinical pharmacologist. Russian Medical Journal. 2018;26 (1-2):115-9.

118. Gendlin G.E., Ryazanceva E.E. Modern diuretic therapy for patients with chronic heart failure. Atmosphere. Cardiology news. 2012;1:18-22.

119. Larina V.N. Choice of effective diuretic for congestive heart failure treatment at the outpatient stage: arguments for torasemide use. Consilium Medicum. 2018;20 (10):29-35. DOI: 10.26442/2075-1753_2018.10.29-35

120. Gropper S, Albet C, Guglietta AA, Gich I, Barbanoj MJ. TDM9 Single-dose, randomized, cross-over, bioavailability pilot clinical trial of torasemide immediate release compared to a new prolonged release formulation of torasemide. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology. 2006;99 (s1):48. [Av. at: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ epdf/10.1111/j.1742-7843.2006.t01-1-.x]. DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2006.t01-1-.x

121. Miyata M, Sasaki T, Ikeda Y, Shinsato T, Kubozono T, Furusho Y et al. Comparative study of therapeutic effects of short- and long-acting loop diuretics in outpatients with chronic heart failure (COLD- CHF). Journal of Cardiology. 2012;59 (3):352-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2011.12.007

122. Yamato M, Sasaki T, Honda K, Fukuda M, Akutagawa O, Okamoto M et al. Effects of Torasemide on Left Ventricular Function and Neurohumoral Factors in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure. Circulation Journal. 2003;67 (5):384-90. DOI: 10.1253/circj.67.384

123. Ageev F.T., Zhubrina E. S., Gilyarevskiy S.R., Mareev V.Yu., Khoseva E.N., Golshmid M.V. Comparative efficacy and safety of chronic torasemide and furosemide therapy in patients with compensated heart failure. Effect on markers of myocardial fibrosis. Russian Heart Failure Journal. 2013;14 (2):55-62.

124. Müller K, Gamba G, Jaquet F, Hess B. Torasemide vs. furosemide in primary care patients with chronic heart failure NYHA II to IV-efficacy and quality of life. European Journal of Heart Failure. 2003;5 (6):793-801. DOI: 10.1016/S1388-9842(03)00150-8

125. Mareev V.Yu., Vygodin V.A., Belenkov Yu.N. DiUretic therapy with Effective doses of oraL diuretics: torasemide (Diuver®) and furosemide in patients with acute exacerbation of Chronic Heart Failure (DUEL-CHF). Russian Heart Failure Journal. 2011;12 (1):3-10.

126. Cosín J, Díez J, on behalf of the TORIC investigators. Torasemide in chronic heart failure: results of the TORIC study. European Journal of Heart Failure. 2002;4 (4):507-13. DOI: 10.1016/S1388-9842(02)00122-8

127. Ferreira JP, Girerd N, Medeiros PB, Santos M, Carvalho HC, Bettencourt P et al. Spot urine sodium excretion as prognostic marker in acutely decompensated heart failure: the spironolactone effect. Clinical Research in Cardiology. 2016;105 (6):489-507. DOI: 10.1007/s00392-015-0945-x

128. Swedberg K, Zannad F, McMurray JJV, Krum H, van Veldhuisen DJ, Shi H et al. Eplerenone and Atrial Fibrillation in Mild Systolic Heart Failure: results from the EMPHASIS-HF (Eplerenone in Mild Patients Hospitalization and SurvIval Study in Heart Failure) study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2012;59 (18):1598-603. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2011.11.063

129. Verbrugge FH, Grieten L, Mullens W. Management of the Cardiorenal Syndrome in Decompensated Heart Failure. Cardiorenal Medicine. 2014;4 (3-4):176-88. DOI: 10.1159/000366168

130. Jones P, Greenstone M. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors for hypercapnic ventilatory failure in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2001;2001 (1):CD002881. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002881

131. Philippi H, Bieber I, Reitter B. Acetazolamide Treatment for Infantile Central Sleep Apnea. Journal of Child Neurology. 2001;16 (8):600-3. DOI: 10.1177/088307380101600813

132. Javaheri S. Acetazolamide Improves Central Sleep Apnea in Heart Failure: A Double-Blind, Prospective Study. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2006;173 (2):234-7. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200507-1035OC

133. Ferreira JP, Girerd N, Bettencourt Medeiros P, Bento Ricardo M, Almeida T, Rola A et al. Lack of Diuretic Efficiency (but Not Low Diuresis) Early in An Acutely Decompensated Heart Failure Episode Is Associated with Increased 180-Day Mortality. Cardiorenal Medicine. 2017;7 (2):137-49. DOI: 10.1159/000455903

134. Brinkley DM, Burpee LJ, Chaudhry S-P, Smallwood JA, Lindenfeld J, Lakdawala NK et al. Spot Urine Sodium as Triage for Effective Diuretic Infusion in an Ambulatory Heart Failure Unit. Journal of Cardiac Failure. 2018;24 (6):349-54. DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2018.01.009

135. Singh D, Shrestha K, Testani JM, Verbrugge FH, Dupont M, Mullens W et al. Insufficient Natriuretic Response to Continuous Intravenous Furosemide Is Associated With Poor Long-Term Outcomes in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure. Journal of Cardiac Failure. 2014;20 (6):392-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2014.03.006

136. Testani JM, Hanberg JS, Cheng S, Rao V, Onyebeke C, Laur O et al. Rapid and Highly Accurate Prediction of Poor Loop Diuretic Natriuretic Response in Patients With Heart Failure. Circulation: Heart Failure. 2016;9 (1):e002370. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.115.002370

137. Luk A, Groarke JD, Desai AS, Mahmood SS, Gopal DM, Joyce E et al. First spot urine sodium after initial diuretic identifies patients at high risk for adverse outcome after heart failure hospitalization. American Heart Journal. 2018;203:95-100. DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2018.01.013

138. Collins SP, Jenkins CA, Baughman A, Miller KF, Storrow AB, Han JH et al. Early urine electrolyte patterns in patients with acute heart failure: Urine electrolytes and worsening heart failure. ESC Heart Failure. 2019;6 (1):80-8. DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.12368

139. Cox ZL, Testani JM. Loop diuretic resistance complicating acute heart failure. Heart Failure Reviews. 2020;25 (1):133-45. DOI: 10.1007/s10741-019-09851-9

140. Verbrugge FH, Nijst P, Dupont M, Penders J, Tang WHW, Mullens W. Urinary Composition During Decongestive Treatment in Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction. Circulation: Heart Failure. 2014;7 (5):766-72. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.114.001377

141. Felker GM, Ellison DH, Mullens W, Cox ZL, Testani JM. Diuretic Therapy for Patients with Heart Failure. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2020;75 (10):1178-95. DOI: 10.1016/j. jacc.2019.12.059

142. Bock JS, Gottlieb SS. Cardiorenal Syndrome: New Perspectives. Circulation. 2010;121 (23):2592-600. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.886473

143. Gottlieb SS, Stebbins A, Voors AA, Hasselblad V, Ezekowitz JA, Califf RM et al. Effects of Nesiritide and Predictors of Urine Output in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2013;62 (13):1177-83. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.04.073

144. Cuffe MS, Califf RM, Adams KF, Benza R, Bourge R, Colucci WS et al. Short-term intravenous milrinone for acute exacerbation of chronic heart failure: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002;287 (12):1541-7. DOI: 10.1001/jama.287.12.1541

145. Chen HH, Anstrom KJ, Givertz MM, Stevenson LW, Semigran MJ, Goldsmith SR et al. Low-dose dopamine or low-dose nesiritide in acute heart failure with renal dysfunction: The ROSE acute heart failure randomized trial. JAMA. 2013;310 (23):2533-43. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2013.282190

146. Teerlink JR, Cotter G, Davison BA, Felker GM, Filippatos G, Greenberg BH et al. Serelaxin, recombinant human relaxin-2, for treatment of acute heart failure (RELAX-AHF): a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The Lancet. 2013;381 (9860):29-39. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736 (12) 61855-8

147. Chen HH, Redfield MM, Nordstrom LJ, Cataliotti A, Burnett JC. Angiotensin II AT1 receptor antagonism prevents detrimental renal actions of acute diuretic therapy in human heart failure. American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology. 2003;284 (5):F1115-9. DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00337.2002

148. Kula AJ, Hanberg JS, Wilson FP, Brisco MA, Bellumkonda L, Jacoby D et al. Influence of Titration of Neurohormonal Antagonists and Blood Pressure Reduction on Renal Function and Decongestion in Decompensated Heart Failure. Circulation: Heart Failure. 2016;9 (1):e002333. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.115.002333

149. Brater DC. Diuretic Therapy. New England Journal of Medicine. 1998;339 (6):387-95. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199808063390607

150. Aliti GB, Rabelo ER, Clausell N, Rohde LE, Biolo A, Beck-da-Silva L. Aggressive Fluid and Sodium Restriction in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Internal Medicine. 2013;173 (12):1058. DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.552

151. Paterna S, Di Pasquale P, Parrinello G, Amato P, Cardinale A, Follone G et al. Effects of high-dose furosemide and small-volume hypertonic saline solution infusion in comparison with a high dose of furosemide as a bolus, in refractory congestive heart failure. European Journal of Heart Failure. 2000;2 (3):305-13. DOI: 10.1016/S1388-9842 (00) 00094-5

152. Licata G, Pasquale PD, Parrinello G, Cardinale A, Scandurra A, Follone G et al. Effects of high-dose furosemide and small-volume hypertonic saline solution infusion in comparison with a high dose of furosemide as bolus in refractory congestive heart failure: Long-term effects. American Heart Journal. 2003;145 (3):459-66. DOI: 10.1067/mhj.2003.166

153. Griffin M, Soufer A, Goljo E, Colna M, Rao VS, Jeon S et al. Real World Use of Hypertonic Saline in Refractory Acute Decompensated Heart Failure. JACC: Heart Failure. 2020;8 (3):199-208. DOI: 10.1016/j.jchf.2019.10.012

154. Wilcox CS. New insights into diuretic use in patients with chronic renal disease. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN. 2002;13 (3):798-805. PMID: 11856788

155. Testani JM, Brisco MA, Turner JM, Spatz ES, Bellumkonda L, Parikh CR et al. Loop Diuretic Efficiency: A Metric of Diuretic Responsiveness with Prognostic Importance in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure. Circulation: Heart Failure. 2014;7 (2):261-70. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.113.000895

156. ter Maaten JM, Dunning AM, Valente MAE, Damman K, Ezekowitz JA, Califf RM et al. Diuretic response in acute heart failure-an analysis from ASCEND-HF. American Heart Journal. 2015;170 (2):313- 21. DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2015.05.003

157. ter Maaten JM, Rao VS, Hanberg JS, Perry Wilson F, Bellumkonda L, Assefa M et al. Renal tubular resistance is the primary driver for loop diuretic resistance in acute heart failure: Tubular resistance and diuretic resistance in AHF. European Journal of Heart Failure. 2017;19 (8):1014-22. DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.757

158. Hanberg JS, Rao V, ter Maaten JM, Laur O, Brisco MA, Perry Wilson F et al. Hypochloremia and Diuretic Resistance in Heart Failure: Mechanistic Insights. Circulation: Heart Failure. 2016;9 (8):e003180. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.116.003180

159. Jentzer JC, DeWald TA, Hernandez AF. Combination of Loop Diuretics with Thiazide-Type Diuretics in Heart Failure. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2010;56 (19):1527-34. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.06.034

160. Bart BA, Goldsmith SR, Lee KL, Redfield MM, Felker GM, O’Connor CM et al. Cardiorenal Rescue Study in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure: Rationale and Design of CARRESS-HF, for the Heart Failure Clinical Research Network. Journal of Cardiac Failure. 2012;18 (3):176-82. DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2011.12.009

161. Bart BA, Goldsmith SR, Lee KL, Givertz MM, O’Connor CM, Bull DA et al. Ultrafiltration in Decompensated Heart Failure with Cardiorenal Syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine. 2012;367 (24):2296-304. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1210357

162. Mullens W, Verbrugge FH, Nijst P, Martens P, Tartaglia K, Theunissen E et al. Rationale and design of the ADVOR (Acetazolamide in Decompensated Heart Failure with Volume Overload) trial. European Journal of Heart Failure. 2018;20 (11):1591-600. DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.1307

163. Wan S-H, Stevens SR, Borlaug BA, Anstrom KJ, Deswal A, Felker GM et al. Differential Response to Low-Dose Dopamine or Low-Dose Nesiritide in Acute Heart Failure with Reduced or Preserved Ejection Fraction: Results From the ROSE AHF Trial (Renal Optimization Strategies Evaluation in Acute Heart Failure). Circulation: Heart Failure. 2016;9 (8):e002593. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.115.002593

164. Felker GM, Mentz RJ, Cole RT, Adams KF, Egnaczyk GF, Fiuzat M et al. Efficacy and Safety of Tolvaptan in Patients Hospitalized with Acute Heart Failure. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2017;69 (11):1399-406. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.09.004

165. McMurray JJV, Solomon SD, Inzucchi SE, Køber L, Kosiborod MN, Martinez FA et al. Dapagliflozin in Patients with Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction. New England Journal of Medicine. 2019;381 (21):1995-2008. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1911303

166. Dossetor JB. Creatininemia Versus Uremia: The Relative Significance of Blood Urea Nitrogen and Serum Creatinine Concentrations in Azotemia. Annals of Internal Medicine. 1966;65 (6):1287-99. DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-65-6-1287

167. Spital A. Diuretic-Induced Hyponatremia. American Journal of Nephrology. 1999;19 (4):447-52. DOI: 10.1159/000013496

168. Sica DA. Diuretic‐Related Side Effects: Development and Treatment. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension. 2004;6 (9):532-40. DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-6175.2004.03789.x

169. Diuretics IV: chemistry, pharmacology, and clinical applications: proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Diuretics, Boca Raton, Florida, U. S. A., 11-16 October 1992. Puschett JB, Greenberg A, editors -Amsterdam; New York: Excerpta Medica;1993. - 899 p. [Fernandez P, Choi M. Thiazide-induced hyponatraemia. P. 199- 209]. ISBN 978-0-444-89630-8

170. Byatt CM, Millard PH, Levin GE. Diuretics and electrolyte disturbances in 1000 consecutive geriatric admissions. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1990;83 (11):704-8. PMID: 2250268

171. Osadchii OE. Mechanisms of hypokalemia-induced ventricular arrhythmogenicity: Hypokalemia and tachyarrhythmia. Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology. 2010;24 (5):547-59. DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2010.00835.x

172. Kuvin JT. Electrocardiographic Changes of Hyperkalemia. New England Journal of Medicine. 1998;338 (10):662. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199803053381005

173. Weiner ID, Wingo CS. Hypokalemia--consequences, causes, and correction. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 1997;8 (7):1179-88. PMID: 9219169

174. Gennari FJ. Hypokalemia. New England Journal of Medicine. 1998;339 (7):451-8. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199808133390707

175. Loon NR, Wilcox CS. Mild Metabolic Alkalosis Impairs the Natriuretic Response to Bumetanide in Normal Human Subjects. Clinical Science. 1998;94 (3):287-92. DOI: 10.1042/cs0940287

176. Taal MW, Brenner BM, Rector FC. Brenner and Rector’s the kidney. 9th Edition. E-Book. -Imprint: Saunders;2012. ISBN 978-1-4160-6193-9

177. Alexander RT, Dimke H. Effect of diuretics on renal tubular transport of calcium and magnesium. American Journal of PhysiologyRenal Physiology. 2017;312 (6):F998-1015. DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00032.2017

178. Rejnmark L, Vestergaard P, Heickendorff L, Andreasen F, Mosekilde L. Loop Diuretics Increase Bone Turnover and Decrease BMD in Osteopenic Postmenopausal Women: Results from a Randomized Controlled Study with Bumetanide. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 2005;21 (1):163-70. DOI: 10.1359/JBMR.051003

179. Wermers RA, Kearns AE, Jenkins GD, Melton LJ. Incidence and Clinical Spectrum of Thiazide-associated Hypercalcemia. The American Journal of Medicine. 2007;120 (10):911.e9-911.e15. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2006.07.044

180. Hakim R, Tolis G, Goltzman D, Meltzer S, Friedman R. Severe hypercalcemia associated with hydrochlorothiazide and calcium carbonate therapy. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 1979;121 (5):591-4. PMID: 497950

181. Waller PC, Ramsay LE. Predicting acute gout in diuretic-treated hypertensive patients. Journal of Human Hypertension. 1989;3 (6):457- 61. PMID: 2607519

182. Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, Bueno H, Cleland JGF, Coats AJS et al. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. European Heart Journal. 2016;37 (27):2129-200. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw128

183. Givertz MM, Anstrom KJ, Redfield MM, Deswal A, Haddad H, Butler J et al. Effects of Xanthine Oxidase Inhibition in Hyperuricemic Heart Failure Patients: The Xanthine Oxidase Inhibition for Hyperuricemic Heart Failure Patients (EXACT-HF) Study. Circulation. 2015;131 (20):1763-71. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.014536

184. Pavlusova M, Jarkovsky J, Benesova K, Vitovec J, Linhart A, Widimsky P et al. Hyperuricemia treatment in acute heart failure patients does not improve their long‐term prognosis: A propensity score matched analysis from the AHEAD registry. Clinical Cardiology. 2019;42 (8):720-7. DOI: 10.1002/clc.23197

185. Ames RP. The Effects of Antihypertensive Drugs on Serum Lipids and Lipoproteins: II. Non-Diuretic Drugs. Drugs. 1986;32 (4):335-57. DOI: 10.2165/00003495-198632040-00003

186. Ott SM, LaCroix AZ, Ichikawa LE, Scholes D, Barlow WE. Effect of Low-Dose Thiazide Diuretics on Plasma Lipids: Results from a Double-Blind, Randomized Clinical Trial in Older Men and Women. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2003;51 (3):340-7. DOI: 10.1046/j.1532-5415.2003.51107.x

187. Verdecchia P, Reboldi G, Angeli F, Borgioni C, Gattobigio R, Filippucci L et al. Adverse prognostic significance of new diabetes in treated hypertensive subjects. Hypertension. 2004;43 (5):963-9. DOI: 10.1161/01.HYP.0000125726.92964.ab

188. Fogari R, Zoppi A. Effects of antihypertensive therapy on sexual activity in hypertensive men. Current Hypertension Reports. 2002;4 (3):202-10. DOI: 10.1007/s11906-002-0008-3

189. Pedersen SA, Gaist D, Schmidt SAJ, Hölmich LR, Friis S, Pottegård A. Hydrochlorothiazide use and risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer: A nationwide case-control study from Denmark. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2018;78 (4):673-681.e9. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2017.11.042

190. Nicholls MG. Interaction of diuretics and electrolytes in congestive heart failure. The American Journal of Cardiology. 1990;65 (10):17E21E; discussion 22E-23E. DOI: 10.1016/0002-9149 (90) 90246-w

191. Aronson JK. Meylers side effects of drugs - the international encyclopedia of adverse drug reactions and interactions. 16th Edition. -Imprint: Elsevier Science;2015. - 7674 p. ISBN 978-0-444-53717-1

192. Kayukov I.G., Lukichev B.G., Podgaetskaya O.Yu. To the question of the so-called furosemide-dependent kidney. New St. Petersburg medical records. 2009;2:92-3.

193. Ryabov S.I. Nephrology: a guide for doctors: in 2 vols. T. 2: Kidney failure. -SPb.: SpecLit;2013. - 232 p. ISBN 978-5-299-00501-1

194. Parfitt AM. Acetazolamide and sodium bicarbonate induced nephrocalcinosis and nephrolithiasis; relationship to citrate and calcium excretion. Archives of Internal Medicine. 1969;124 (6):736-40. PMID: 5353483

195. Mallette LE. Acetazolamide-accelerated anticonvulsant osteomalacia. Archives of Internal Medicine. 1977;137 (8):1013-7. PMID: 879939

196. Carone L, Oxberry SG, Twycross R, Charlesworth S, Mihalyo M, Wilcock A. Furosemide. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 2016;52 (1):144-50. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2016.05.004

197. Müller FO, Middle MV, Schall R, Terblanché J, Hundt HKL, Groenewoud G. An evaluation of the interaction of meloxicam with frusemide in patients with compensated chronic cardiac failure. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1997;44 (4):393-8. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2125.1997.t01-1-00586.x

198. Lai S, Momper JD, Yam FK. Evaluation of the effect of torsemide on warfarin dosage requirements. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy. 2017;39 (4):831-5. DOI: 10.1007/s11096-017-0479-6

199. Li J, Xu S, Yang L, Yang J, Wang CJ, Weinstein AM et al. Sex difference in kidney electrolyte transport II: impact of K+ intake on thiazidesensitive cation excretion in male and female mice. American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology. 2019;317 (4):F967-77. DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00125.2019

200. Rasmussen TP, Williford NN, DeZorzi C, Hammoud A, Boyle BJ, Zhou Y et al. Women Hospitalized for Acute on Chronic Decompensated Systolic Heart Failure Receive Less Furosemide Compared to Men. Cardiology Research and Practice. 2019;2019:1505142. DOI: 10.1155/2019/1505142

201. Werner U, Werner D, Heinbüchner S, Graf B, Ince H, Kische S et al. Gender Is an Important Determinant of the Disposition of the Loop Diuretic Torasemide. The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2010;50 (2):160-8. DOI: 10.1177/0091270009337514

202. Sica DA, Gehr TWB, Frishman WH. Use of Diuretics in the Treatment of Heart Failure in Older Adults. Heart Failure Clinics. 2017;13 (3):503-12. DOI: 10.1016/j.hfc.2017.02.006

203. Cunha FM, Pereira J, Marques P, Ribeiro A, Bettencourt P, Lourenço P. Diabetic patients need higher furosemide doses: a report on acute and chronic heart failure patients. Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine. 2020;21 (1):21-6. DOI: 10.2459/JCM.0000000000000896

204. Regitz-Zagrosek V, Roos-Hesselink JW, Bauersachs J, BlomströmLundqvist C, Cífková R, De Bonis M et al. 2018 ESC Guidelines for the management of cardiovascular diseases during pregnancy. European Heart Journal. 2018;39 (34):3165-241. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy340

205. Fiaccadori F, Pedretti G, Pasetti G, Pizzaferri P, Elia G. Torasemide versus furosemide in cirrhosis: a long-term, double-blind, randomized clinical study. The Clinical Investigator. 1993;71 (7):579-84. DOI: 10.1007/BF00208486

206. Abecasis R, Guevara M, Miguez C, Cobas S, Terg R. Long-term efficacy of torsemide compared with frusemide in cirrhotic patients with ascites. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2001;36 (3):309-13. DOI: 10.1080/003655201750074672

207. Gotsman I, Shauer A, Zwas DR, Tahiroglu I, Lotan C, Keren A. Low serum albumin: A significant predictor of reduced survival in patients with chronic heart failure. Clinical Cardiology. 2019;42 (3):365-72. DOI: 10.1002/clc.23153

208. Moiseev V. S., Mukhin N.A., Smirnov A.V., Kobalava Zh.D., Bobkova I.N., Villevalde S.V. et al. Cardiovascular risk and chronic kidney disease: cardio-nephroprotection strategies. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2014;19 (8):7-37. DOI: 10.15829/1560-4071-2014-8-7-37

209. Mullens W, Damman K, Testani JM, Martens P, Mueller C, Lassus J et al. Evaluation of kidney function throughout the heart failure trajectory - a position statement from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology. European Journal of Heart Failure. 2020;22 (4):584-603. DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.1697

210. Damman K, Valente MAE, Voors AA, O’Connor CM, van Veldhuisen DJ, Hillege HL. Renal impairment, worsening renal function, and outcome in patients with heart failure: an updated meta-analysis. European Heart Journal. 2014;35 (7):455-69. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht386

211. Avdoshina S.V., Efremovtseva M.A., Villevalde S.V., Kobalava Zh.D. Risk assessment of acute kidney injury in patients with acute cardiovascular disease without invasive intervention. Kardiologiia. 2020;59 (12S): 46-56. DOI: 10.18087/cardio.n466

212. Damman K, Tang WHW, Testani JM, McMurray JJV. Terminology and definition of changes renal function in heart failure. European Heart Journal. 2014;35 (48):3413-6. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehu320

213. Damman K, Testani JM. The kidney in heart failure: an update. European Heart Journal. 2015;36 (23):1437-44. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv010

214. Kobalava Zh.D., Villevalde S.V., Efremovtseva M.A. Fundamentals of cardiorenal medicine. Kobalava Zh.D., Moiseev S.V., editors -M.: GEOTAR-Media;2014. - 256 p. ISBN 978-5-9704-3040-8

215. Nagueh SF, Smiseth OA, Appleton CP, Byrd BF, Dokainish H, Edvardsen T et al. Recommendations for the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function by echocardiography: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography. 2016;29 (4):277-314. DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2016.01.011

216. Ovchinnikov A.G., Azizova A.G., Masenko V.P., Shatalina L. S., Ageev F.T. The effect of loop diuretics on the clinical course, the filling pressure of the left ventricle in patients with compensated NSFW and high filling pressure of the LV. Russian Heart Failure Journal. 2012;13 (6):320-33.

217. López B, González A, Beaumont J, Querejeta R, Larman M, Díez J. Identification of a Potential Cardiac Antifibrotic Mechanism of Torasemide in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2007;50 (9):859-67. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.04.080

218. Ovchinnikov A.G., Ozhereleva M.V., Masenko V.P., Ageev F.T. Structure and function features and adverse prognostic factors of compensated hypertensive heart disease. Russian Heart Journal. 2017;16 (3):185-96.

219. Ivashkin V.T., Mayevskaya M.V., Pavlov Ch. S., Fedosyina E.A., Bessonova E.N., Pirogova I.Yu. et al. Treatment of liver cirrhosis complications: Clinical guidelines of the Russian Scientific Liver Society and Russian gastroenterological association. Russian Journal of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Coloproctology. 2016;26 (4):71-102.

220. Angeli P, Bernardi M, Villanueva C, Francoz C, Mookerjee RP, Trebicka J et al. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of patients with decompensated cirrhosis. Journal of Hepatology. 2018;69 (2):406-60. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.03.024

221. Masuda E, Ozsvath K, Vossler J, Woo K, Kistner R, Lurie F et al. The 2020 appropriate use criteria for chronic lower extremity venous disease of the American Venous Forum, the Society for Vascular Surgery, the American Vein and Lymphatic Society, and the Society of Interventional Radiology. Journal of Vascular Surgery. Venous and Lymphatic Disorders. 2020;8 (4):505-525.e4. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvsv.2020.02.001

222. Perrin M, Eklof B, van Rij A, Labropoulos N, Vasquez M, Nicolaides A et al. Venous symptoms: the SYM Vein Consensus statement developed under the auspices of the European Venous Forum. International Angiology. 2016;35 (4):374-98. PMID: 27081866

223. Coleridge-Smith P, Labropoulos N, Partsch H, Myers K, Nicolaides A, Cavezzi A. Duplex ultrasound investigation of the veins in chronic venous disease of the lower limbs--UIP consensus document. Part I. Basic principles. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery. 2006;31 (1):83-92. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2005.07.019

224. Alsheekh A, Hingorani A, Marks N, Ostrozhynskyy Y, Ascher E. Clinical correlation with failure of endovenous therapy for leg swelling. Vascular. 2017;25 (3):249-52. DOI: 10.1177/1708538116667325

225. Huang X, Dorhout Mees E, Vos P, Hamza S, Braam B. Everything we always wanted to know about furosemide but were afraid to ask. American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology. 2016;310 (10):F958-71. DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00476.2015

226. Stücker M, Danneil O, Dörler M, Hoffmann M, Kröger E, Reich‐Schupke S. Safety of a compression stocking for patients with chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) and peripheral artery disease (PAD). Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft. 2020;18 (3):207-13. DOI: 10.1111/ddg.14042

227. Lichota A, Gwozdzinski L, Gwozdzinski K. Therapeutic potential of natural compounds in inflammation and chronic venous insufficiency. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 2019;176:68-91. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.04.075

228. Garza R, Skoracki R, Hock K, Povoski SP. A comprehensive overview on the surgical management of secondary lymphedema of the upper and lower extremities related to prior oncologic therapies. BMC cancer. 2017;17 (1):468. DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3444-9

229. Polomska AK, Proulx ST. Imaging technology of the lymphatic system. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 2020; S0169-409X (20) 30124-1. [Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32891679]. DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.08.013

230. Executive Committee of the International Society of Lymphology. The diagnosis and treatment of peripheral lymphedema: 2020 Consensus Document of the International Society of Lymphology. Lymphology. 2020;53 (1):3-19. PMID: 32521126

231. Lennie TA, Song EK, Wu J-R, Chung ML, Dunbar SB, Pressler SJ et al. Three gram sodium intake is associated with longer event-free survival only in patients with advanced heart failure. Journal of Cardiac Failure. 2011;17 (4):325-30. DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2010.11.008

232. Parrinello G, Greene SJ, Torres D, Alderman M, Bonventre JV, Di Pasquale P et al. Water and Sodium in Heart Failure: A Spotlight on Congestion. Heart Failure Reviews. 2015;20 (1):13-24. DOI: 10.1007/s10741-014-9438-7

233. Li Y, Fu B, Qian X. Liberal Versus Restricted Fluid Administration in Heart Failure Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials. International Heart Journal. 2015;56 (2):192- 5. DOI: 10.1536/ihj.14-288

234. Dunlay SM, Gheorghiade M, Reid KJ, Allen LA, Chan PS, Hauptman PJ et al. Critical elements of clinical follow-up after hospital discharge for heart failure: insights from the EVEREST trial. European Journal of Heart Failure. 2010;12 (4):367-74. DOI: 10.1093/eurjhf/hfq019

235. Jones CD, Holmes GM, DeWalt DA, Erman B, Wu J-R, Cene CW et al. Selfreported recall and daily diary-recorded measures of weight monitoring adherence: associations with heart failure-related hospitalization. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders. 2014;14 (1):12. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2261-14-12


Review

For citations:


Mareev V.Yu., Garganeeva A.A., Ageev F.T., Arutunov G.P., Begrambekova Yu.L., Belenkov Yu.N., Vasyuk Yu.A., Galyavich A.S., Gilarevsky S.R., Glezer M.G., Drapkina O.M., Duplyakov D.V., Kobalava Zh.D., Koziolova N.A., Kuzheleva E.A., Mareev Yu.V., Ovchinnikov A.G., Orlova Ya.A., Perepech N.B., Sitnikova M.Yu., Skvortsov A.A., Skibitskiy V.V., Chesnikova A.I. The use of diuretics in chronic heart failure. Position paper of the Russian Heart Failure Society. Kardiologiia. 2020;60(12):13-47. https://doi.org/10.18087/cardio.2020.12.n1427

Views: 4011


Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.


ISSN 0022-9040 (Print)
ISSN 2412-5660 (Online)