<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cardio</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Кардиология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Kardiologiia</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0022-9040</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2412-5660</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Kardiomag</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18087/cardio.2019.5.10256</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">cardio-653</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПОРОКИ СЕРДЦА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ACQUIRED HEART DEFECTS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Развитие диастолической дисфункции в послеоперационном периоде у пациентов с приобретенными пороками сердца</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>A. N. Bakoulev Scientific Center for Cardiovascular Surgery</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Аверина</surname><given-names>И. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Averina</surname><given-names>I. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"/><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Averina Irina I. – MD.</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">averina_ii@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бокерия</surname><given-names>О. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bockeria</surname><given-names>O. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"/><bio xml:lang="en"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мироненко</surname><given-names>М. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mironenko</surname><given-names>M. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"/><bio xml:lang="en"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Александрова</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Aleksandrova</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"/><bio xml:lang="en"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр сердечно-сосудистой хирургии им. А. Н. Бакулева» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>A. N. Bakoulev Scientific Center for Cardiovascular Surgery</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>25</day><month>05</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>59</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>26</fpage><lpage>35</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Kardiomag, 2019</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Kardiomag</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kardiomag</copyright-holder><license xlink:href="https://cardio.elpub.ru/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>https://cardio.elpub.ru/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://cardio.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/653">https://cardio.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/653</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Цель исследования</title><p>Цель исследования. Оценить динамику диастолической функции, выявить вновь возникшую диастолическую дисфункцию (ДД) в послеоперационном периоде и ее причины, влияние на прогноз у пациентов с приобретенными пороками сердца.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Обследованы 112 пациентов с аортальными и митральными пороками (за исключением пациентов с митральным стенозом): 90 мужчин и 22 женщины в возрасте от 14 до 70 лет (51 [35; 57]). Пациентов обследовали до операции, в раннем послеоперационном периоде (8–14 дней) и через 12–36 мес после хирургической коррекции порока. Пациенты разделены на группы, отражающие прогноз: 0 – больные без осложнений; 1я – с развившейся после операции сердечной недостаточностью (СН) и сохраненной фракцией выброса (ФВ) левого желудочка – ЛЖ (&gt;50 %); 2я – пациенты с СН и ФВ &lt;45 %. ДД определяли с помощью следующих параметров: септальная скорость фиброзного кольца митрального клапана (ФК МК) es &lt;7 см / с, латеральная el &lt;10 см / с, среднее отношение ранней скорости митрального потока к скорости движения (ФК МК) E / e &gt;14, индексированный обьем левого предсердия &gt;34 мл / м2, пиковая трикуспидальная скорость регургитации &gt;2,8 м / с и отношение Е / A соответственно типам ДД.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Нормальные систолическая и диастолическая функции ЛЖ были исходно определены у 34 (30,4 %) из 112 пациентов. В раннем периоде после операции ДД возникла у 9 (26,5 %) пациентов из 34 обследованных с исходно нормальной диастолической функцией. Появление ДД после операции было связано с тем, что диастолическая скорость ФК МК в области межжелудочковой перегородки (МЖП) еs не увеличилась, как у остальных пациентов, а уменьшилась сразу после операции и продолжала прогрессивно уменьшаться с 8,50±0,71 до 4,60±0,53 см / с (р=0,005) в отдаленном периоде после операции. Ухудшение диастолической функции и уменьшение септальной скорости движения выявлено именно у пациентов с наличием фиброза. В общей группе, в которой не изучался фиброз и увеличилась степень ДД, выявлено снижение диастолической скорости боковой стенки ЛЖ (еl) с 10,2±3,1 до 7,5±2,43 см / с (р=0,035) и увеличение отношения Е / el с 10,53±4,07 до 14,5±5,23 см / с (р=0,05) в раннем периоде после операции. Через 12 мес еl возвращалась к исходным значениям. Не выявлено корреляции между ДД и показателями ФВ, объемами ЛЖ и развитием аритмий. Создана прогностическая модель ДД, включающая среднюю продольную деформацию (GLSt) левого предсердия и отношение E / e, измеренное в правых отделах.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. После операции ДД появлялась за счет повреждения диастолической функции МЖП, которое коррелировало с фиброзом и было показателем неадекватной защиты миокарда. Представлена динамика ДД и прогностическая модель развития сердечной недостаточности с номальной ФВ после операции. </p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective: to assess dynamics of diastolic function for detection of development of diastolic dysfunction (DD) and it’s causes, to evaluate the effect of DD on prognosis in the postoperative period in patients with acquired heart diseases.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. We included in this study 112 patients with aortic and mitral valve diseases (90 men, 22 women, median age 51 [35; 57] years). All patients underwent echocardiography (echo), tissue Doppler, speckle tracking echo prior to surgery, in the early postoperative period (8–14 days) and in 12–36 months after surgery. In 28 patients dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging was also performed. Patients were divided into groups according to prognosis: group 0 – without complications; group 1 – with postoperative heart failure (HF) and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (EF); group 2 – with HF and EF &lt;45 %. The following parameters were used for identifying left ventricular (LV) DD: septal velocity es &lt;7 cm / sec, lateral el &lt;10 cm / sec, average E / e ratio &gt;14, left atrial (LA) volume index &gt;34 ml / m2, peak tricuspid regurgitation velocity &gt;2.8 m / sec.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Initially diastolicLV function was normal in 34 of 112 patients (30.4 %), in early postoperative period DD emerged in 9 (26.5 %) of these patients. The appearance of LV DD was associated with decrease of septal es immediately after surgery and its subsequent progressive decline in the long-term postoperative period from 8.5±0.71 to 4.6 ±0.53 cm / sec (p=0.005). Worsening of diastolic function and lowering of septal velocity was detected namely in patients with presence of fibrosis. In the group of other patients in whom fibrosis was not studied and the degree of DD increased there was a transient decrease of lateral el (from 10.2±3.1 to 7.5±2.43 cm / sec, p=0.035) and an increase of the E / el (from 10.53±4.07 to 14.5±5.23, p=0.05) in the early period after the operation. There were no correlations between DD and LV EF,LV volumes, and development of arrhythmias. The prognostic model for DD included average longitudinal deformation of LA (global LA longitudinal strain) and E / e ratio on the tricuspid lateral annular velocity.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. Appearance of DD in postoperative period after correction of acquired heart defects was due to damage of the septal diastolic function which correlated with fibrosis and was indicative of inadequate myocardial protection. The model of development of heart failure with normal EF after operation was designed.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>диастолическая дисфункция</kwd><kwd>фиброз</kwd><kwd>функция межжелудочковой перегородки</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kitzman DW. Pathophysiological Characterization of Isolated Diastolic Heart Failure in Comparison to Systolic Heart Failure. JAMA. 2002;288(17):2144. DOI: 10.1001/jama.288.17.2144</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kitzman DW. Pathophysiological Characterization of Isolated Diastolic Heart Failure in Comparison to Systolic Heart Failure. JAMA. 2002;288(17):2144. DOI: 10.1001/jama.288.17.2144</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shi Y, Denault AY, Couture P, Butnaru A, Carrier M, Tardif J-C. Biventricular diastolic filling patterns after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2006;131(5):1080-1086.e3. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2006.01.015</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shi Y, Denault AY, Couture P, Butnaru A, Carrier M, Tardif J-C. Biventricular diastolic filling patterns after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2006;131(5):1080-1086.e3. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2006.01.015</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Malouf JF, Enriquez-Sarano M, Pellikka PA, Oh JK, Bailey KR, Chandrasekaran K et al. Severe pulmonary hypertension in patients with severe aortic valve stenosis: clinical profile and prognostic implications. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2002;40(4):789–95. PMID: 12204512</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malouf JF, Enriquez-Sarano M, Pellikka PA, Oh JK, Bailey KR, Chandrasekaran K et al. Severe pulmonary hypertension in patients with severe aortic valve stenosis: clinical profile and prognostic implications. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2002;40(4):789–95. PMID: 12204512</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Klapholz M, Maurer M, Lowe AM, Messineo F, Meisner JS, Mitchell J et al. Hospitalization for heart failure in the presence of a normal left ventricular ejection fraction. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2004;43(8):1432–8. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2003.11.040</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Klapholz M, Maurer M, Lowe AM, Messineo F, Meisner JS, Mitchell J et al. Hospitalization for heart failure in the presence of a normal left ventricular ejection fraction. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2004;43(8):1432–8. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2003.11.040</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Matyal R, Hess PE, Subramaniam B, Mitchell J, Panzica PJ, Pomposelli F et al. Perioperative diastolic dysfunction during vascular surgery and its association with postoperative outcome. Journal of Vascular Surgery. 2009;50(1):70–6. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2008.12.032</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Matyal R, Hess PE, Subramaniam B, Mitchell J, Panzica PJ, Pomposelli F et al. Perioperative diastolic dysfunction during vascular surgery and its association with postoperative outcome. Journal of Vascular Surgery. 2009;50(1):70–6. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2008.12.032</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marui A, Nishina T, Saji Y, Yamazaki K, Shimamoto T, Ikeda T et al. Significance of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function on Outcomes After Surgical Ventricular Restoration. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2010;89(5):1524–31. DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2010.01.067</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marui A, Nishina T, Saji Y, Yamazaki K, Shimamoto T, Ikeda T et al. Significance of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function on Outcomes After Surgical Ventricular Restoration. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2010;89(5):1524–31. DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2010.01.067</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gelsomino S, Lorusso R, Bille G, Rostagno C, De Cicco G, Romagnoli S et al. Left ventricular diastolic function after restrictive mitral ring annuloplasty in chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation and its predictive value on outcome and recurrence of regurgitation. International Journal of Cardiology. 2009;132(3):419–28. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2007.12.058</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gelsomino S, Lorusso R, Bille G, Rostagno C, De Cicco G, Romagnoli S et al. Left ventricular diastolic function after restrictive mitral ring annuloplasty in chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation and its predictive value on outcome and recurrence of regurgitation. International Journal of Cardiology. 2009;132(3):419–28. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2007.12.058</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alam M, Hedman A, Nordlander R, Samad B. Right ventricular function before and after an uncomplicated coronary artery bypass graft as assessed by pulsed wave Doppler tissue imaging of the tricuspid annulus. American Heart Journal. 2003;146(3):520–6. DOI: 10.1016/S0002-8703(03)00313-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alam M, Hedman A, Nordlander R, Samad B. Right ventricular function before and after an uncomplicated coronary artery bypass graft as assessed by pulsed wave Doppler tissue imaging of the tricuspid annulus. American Heart Journal. 2003;146(3):520–6. DOI: 10.1016/S0002-8703(03)00313-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grossman W. Defining diastolic dysfunction. Circulation. 2000;101(17):2020–1. PMID: 10790339</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grossman W. Defining diastolic dysfunction. Circulation. 2000;101(17):2020–1. PMID: 10790339</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu J, Tanaka N, Murata K, Ueda K, Wada Y, Oyama R et al. Prognostic value of pseudonormal and restrictive filling patterns on left ventricular remodelingand cardiac events after coronary artery bypass grafting. The American Journal of Cardiology. 2003;91(5):550–4. DOI: 10.1016/S0002-9149(02)03304-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu J, Tanaka N, Murata K, Ueda K, Wada Y, Oyama R et al. Prognostic value of pseudonormal and restrictive filling patterns on left ventricular remodelingand cardiac events after coronary artery bypass grafting. The American Journal of Cardiology. 2003;91(5):550–4. DOI: 10.1016/S0002-9149(02)03304-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vaskelyte J. Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting in Patients with Severe Left Ventricular Dysfunction: Predictive Significance of Left Ventricular Diastolic Filling Pattern. European Journal of Echocardiography. 2001;2(1):62–7. DOI: 10.1053/euje.2000.0051</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vaskelyte J. Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting in Patients with Severe Left Ventricular Dysfunction: Predictive Significance of Left Ventricular Diastolic Filling Pattern. European Journal of Echocardiography. 2001;2(1):62–7. DOI: 10.1053/euje.2000.0051</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Royse CF, Royse AG, Blake DW, Grigg LE. Instantaneous end diastolic stiffness (IEDS): a simple, load independent measurement of left ventricular diastolic function in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Annals of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery: Official Journal of the Association of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeons of Asia. 2000;6(3):203–10. PMID: 10899694</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Royse CF, Royse AG, Blake DW, Grigg LE. Instantaneous end diastolic stiffness (IEDS): a simple, load independent measurement of left ventricular diastolic function in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Annals of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery: Official Journal of the Association of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeons of Asia. 2000;6(3):203–10. PMID: 10899694</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Houltz E, Hellstrom A, Ricksten S-E, Wikh R, Caidahl K. Early effects of coronary artery bypass surgery and cold cardioplegic ischemia on left ventricular diastolic function: Evaluation by computer-assisted transesophageal echocardiography. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia. 1996;10(6):728–33. DOI: 10.1016/S1053-0770(96)80197-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Houltz E, Hellstrom A, Ricksten S-E, Wikh R, Caidahl K. Early effects of coronary artery bypass surgery and cold cardioplegic ischemia on left ventricular diastolic function: Evaluation by computer-assisted transesophageal echocardiography. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia. 1996;10(6):728–33. DOI: 10.1016/S1053-0770(96)80197-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Denault AY, Couture P, Buithieu J, Haddad F, Carrier M, Babin D et al. Left and right ventricular diastolic dysfunction as predictors of difficult separation from cardiopulmonary bypass. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia/Journal canadien d’anesthesie. 2006;53(10):1020–9. DOI: 10.1007/BF03022532</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Denault AY, Couture P, Buithieu J, Haddad F, Carrier M, Babin D et al. Left and right ventricular diastolic dysfunction as predictors of difficult separation from cardiopulmonary bypass. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia/Journal canadien d’anesthesie. 2006;53(10):1020–9. DOI: 10.1007/BF03022532</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Appleton CP, Hatle LK, Popp RL. Relation of transmitral flow velocity patterns to left ventricular diastolic function: new insights from a combined hemodynamic and Doppler echocardiographic study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1988;12(2):426– 40. PMID: 3392336</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Appleton CP, Hatle LK, Popp RL. Relation of transmitral flow velocity patterns to left ventricular diastolic function: new insights from a combined hemodynamic and Doppler echocardiographic study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1988;12(2):426– 40. PMID: 3392336</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Malouf PJ, Madani M, Gurudevan S, Waltman TJ, Raisinghani AB, DeMaria AN et al. Assessment of Diastolic Function with Doppler Tissue Imaging After Cardiac Surgery: Effect of the “Postoperative Septum” in On-Pump and Off-Pump Procedures. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography. 2006;19(4):464–7. DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2005.12.001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malouf PJ, Madani M, Gurudevan S, Waltman TJ, Raisinghani AB, DeMaria AN et al. Assessment of Diastolic Function with Doppler Tissue Imaging After Cardiac Surgery: Effect of the “Postoperative Septum” in On-Pump and Off-Pump Procedures. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography. 2006;19(4):464–7. DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2005.12.001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nagueh SF, Smiseth OA, Appleton CP, Byrd BF, Dokainish H, Edvardsen T et al. Recommendations for the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function by echocardiography: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography: Official Publication of the American Society of Echocardiography. 2016;29(4):277–314. DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2016.01.011</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nagueh SF, Smiseth OA, Appleton CP, Byrd BF, Dokainish H, Edvardsen T et al. Recommendations for the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function by echocardiography: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography: Official Publication of the American Society of Echocardiography. 2016;29(4):277–314. DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2016.01.011</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hogg K, McMurray J. The treatment of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (“diastolic heart failure”). Heart Failure Reviews. 2006;11(2):141–6. DOI: 10.1007/s10741-006-9488-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hogg K, McMurray J. The treatment of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (“diastolic heart failure”). Heart Failure Reviews. 2006;11(2):141–6. DOI: 10.1007/s10741-006-9488-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zile MR, Brutsaert DL. New concepts in diastolic dysfunction and diastolic heart failure: Part I: diagnosis, prognosis, and measurements of diastolic function. Circulation. 2002;105(11):1387–93. PMID: 11901053</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zile MR, Brutsaert DL. New concepts in diastolic dysfunction and diastolic heart failure: Part I: diagnosis, prognosis, and measurements of diastolic function. Circulation. 2002;105(11):1387–93. PMID: 11901053</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Redfield MM, Jacobsen SJ, Burnett JC, Mahoney DW, Bailey KR, Rodeheffer RJ. Burden of systolic and diastolic ventricular dysfunction in the community: appreciating the scope of the heart failure epidemic. JAMA. 2003;289(2):194–202. PMID: 12517230</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Redfield MM, Jacobsen SJ, Burnett JC, Mahoney DW, Bailey KR, Rodeheffer RJ. Burden of systolic and diastolic ventricular dysfunction in the community: appreciating the scope of the heart failure epidemic. JAMA. 2003;289(2):194–202. PMID: 12517230</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aschauer S, Zotter-Tufaro C, Duca F, Kammerlander A, Dalos D, Mascherbauer J et al. Modes of death in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction. International Journal of Cardiology. 2017;228:422–6. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.11.154</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aschauer S, Zotter-Tufaro C, Duca F, Kammerlander A, Dalos D, Mascherbauer J et al. Modes of death in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction. International Journal of Cardiology. 2017;228:422–6. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.11.154</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gorter TM, van Veldhuisen DJ, Bauersachs J, Borlaug BA, Celutkiene J, Coats AJS et al. Right heart dysfunction and failure in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: mechanisms and management. Position statement on behalf of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology: Right ventricular function in HFpEF. European Journal of Heart Failure. 2018;20(1):16–37. DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.1029</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gorter TM, van Veldhuisen DJ, Bauersachs J, Borlaug BA, Celutkiene J, Coats AJS et al. Right heart dysfunction and failure in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: mechanisms and management. Position statement on behalf of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology: Right ventricular function in HFpEF. European Journal of Heart Failure. 2018;20(1):16–37. DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.1029</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Melenovsky V, Hwang S-J, Redfield MM, Zakeri R, Lin G, Borlaug BA. Left Atrial Remodeling and Function in Advanced Heart Failure With Preserved or Reduced Ejection Fraction. Circulation: Heart Failure. 2015;8(2):295–303. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.114.001667</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Melenovsky V, Hwang S-J, Redfield MM, Zakeri R, Lin G, Borlaug BA. Left Atrial Remodeling and Function in Advanced Heart Failure With Preserved or Reduced Ejection Fraction. Circulation: Heart Failure. 2015;8(2):295–303. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.114.001667</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marquez-Gonzalez H, Yanez-Gutierrez L, Borrayo-Sanchez G, Lopez-Gallegos D, Ortiz-Vazquez IC, Camargo-Zetina CO et al. Ventricular interdependence analysis in patients with congenital heart disease with systolic and diastolic dysfunction of the right ventricle. Rev Mex Cardiol. 2015;26(4):174-179. Av. at: http://www.medigraphic.com/pdfs/cardio/h-2015/h154f.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marquez-Gonzalez H, Yanez-Gutierrez L, Borrayo-Sanchez G, Lopez-Gallegos D, Ortiz-Vazquez IC, Camargo-Zetina CO et al. Ventricular interdependence analysis in patients with congenital heart disease with systolic and diastolic dysfunction of the right ventricle. Rev Mex Cardiol. 2015;26(4):174-179. Av. at: http://www.medigraphic.com/pdfs/cardio/h-2015/h154f.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Santamore WP, Dell’Italia LJ. Ventricular interdependence: significant left ventricular contributions to right ventricular systolic function. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases. 1998;40(4):289–308. PMID: 9449956</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Santamore WP, Dell’Italia LJ. Ventricular interdependence: significant left ventricular contributions to right ventricular systolic function. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases. 1998;40(4):289–308. PMID: 9449956</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mohammed SF, Hussain I, AbouEzzeddine OF, Takahama H, Kwon SH, Forfia P et al. Right Ventricular Function in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Community-Based Study. Circulation. 2014;130(25):2310–20. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.008461</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mohammed SF, Hussain I, AbouEzzeddine OF, Takahama H, Kwon SH, Forfia P et al. Right Ventricular Function in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Community-Based Study. Circulation. 2014;130(25):2310–20. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.008461</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Belenkie I, Horne SG, Dani R, Smith ER, Tyberg JV. Effects of aortic constriction during experimental acute right ventricular pressure loading. Further insights into diastolic and systolic ventricular interaction. Circulation. 1995;92(3):546–54. PMID: 7634469</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Belenkie I, Horne SG, Dani R, Smith ER, Tyberg JV. Effects of aortic constriction during experimental acute right ventricular pressure loading. Further insights into diastolic and systolic ventricular interaction. Circulation. 1995;92(3):546–54. PMID: 7634469</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kasner M, Westermann D, Steendijk P, Drose S, Poller W, Schultheiss H-P et al. Left Ventricular Dysfunction Induced by Nonsevere Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: A Pressure – Volume Relationship Study. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2012;186(2):181–9. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201110-1860OC</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kasner M, Westermann D, Steendijk P, Drose S, Poller W, Schultheiss H-P et al. Left Ventricular Dysfunction Induced by Nonsevere Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: A Pressure – Volume Relationship Study. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2012;186(2):181–9. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201110-1860OC</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shah AM, Claggett B, Kitzman D, Biering-Sorensen T, Jensen JS, Cheng S et al. Contemporary Assessment of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function in Older Adults: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Circulation. 2017;135(5):426–39. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.024825</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shah AM, Claggett B, Kitzman D, Biering-Sorensen T, Jensen JS, Cheng S et al. Contemporary Assessment of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function in Older Adults: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Circulation. 2017;135(5):426–39. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.024825</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Obokata M, Reddy YNV, Pislaru SV, Melenovsky V, Borlaug BA. Evidence Supporting the Existence of a Distinct Obese Phenotype of Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction. Circulation. 2017;136(1):6–19. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.026807</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Obokata M, Reddy YNV, Pislaru SV, Melenovsky V, Borlaug BA. Evidence Supporting the Existence of a Distinct Obese Phenotype of Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction. Circulation. 2017;136(1):6–19. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.026807</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yturralde RF, Gaasch WH. Diagnostic criteria for diastolic heart failure. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases. 2005;47(5):314–9. PMID: 16003646</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yturralde RF, Gaasch WH. Diagnostic criteria for diastolic heart failure. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases. 2005;47(5):314–9. PMID: 16003646</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kaplan JA, Reich DL, Konstadt SN. Kaplan’s Cardiac Anesthesia: The Echo Era. -London: Elsevier Health Sciences; 1120 с. ISBN 978-1-4377-0359-7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kaplan JA, Reich DL, Konstadt SN. Kaplan’s Cardiac Anesthesia: The Echo Era. -London: Elsevier Health Sciences; 1120 с. ISBN 978-1-4377-0359-7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alsaddique AA, Royse CF, Fouda MA, Royse AG. Diastolic Heart Failure After Cardiac Surgery. Coronary Artery Disease. 2012;30. Av. at: http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs-wm/32299.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alsaddique AA, Royse CF, Fouda MA, Royse AG. Diastolic Heart Failure After Cardiac Surgery. Coronary Artery Disease. 2012;30. Av. at: http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs-wm/32299.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gardin JM, Arnold AM, Bild DE, Smith V-E, Lima JA., Klopfenstein HS et al. Left ventricular diastolic filling in the elderly: the cardiovascular health study. The American Journal of Cardiology. 1998;82(3):345–51. DOI: 10.1016/S0002-9149(98)00339-7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gardin JM, Arnold AM, Bild DE, Smith V-E, Lima JA., Klopfenstein HS et al. Left ventricular diastolic filling in the elderly: the cardiovascular health study. The American Journal of Cardiology. 1998;82(3):345–51. DOI: 10.1016/S0002-9149(98)00339-7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Malhotra R. Cardioprotective effects of diltiazem infusion in the perioperative period. European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. 1997;12(3):420–7. DOI: 10.1016/S1010-7940(97)00140-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malhotra R. Cardioprotective effects of diltiazem infusion in the perioperative period. European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. 1997;12(3):420–7. DOI: 10.1016/S1010-7940(97)00140-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">van der Maaten JMAA, de Vries AJ, Henning RH, Epema AH, van den Berg MP, Lip H. Effects of preoperative treatment with diltiazem on diastolic ventricular function after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia. 2001;15(6):710–6. DOI: 10.1053/jcan.2001.28314</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">van der Maaten JMAA, de Vries AJ, Henning RH, Epema AH, van den Berg MP, Lip H. Effects of preoperative treatment with diltiazem on diastolic ventricular function after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia. 2001;15(6):710–6. DOI: 10.1053/jcan.2001.28314</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Michaux I, Filipovic M, Skarvan K, Schneiter S, Schumann R, Zerkowski H-R et al. Effects of on-pump versus off-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery on right ventricular function. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2006;131(6):1281–8. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Michaux I, Filipovic M, Skarvan K, Schneiter S, Schumann R, Zerkowski H-R et al. Effects of on-pump versus off-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery on right ventricular function. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2006;131(6):1281–8. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Maslow AD, Regan MM, Schwartz C, Bert A, Singh A. Inotropes Improve Right Heart Function in Patients Undergoing Aortic Valve Replacement for Aortic Stenosis: Anesthesia &amp; Analgesia. 2004;891–902. [av. at: https://insights.ovid.com/crossref?an=00000539-200404000-00003 ]. DOI: 10.1213/01.ANE.0000107940.23783.33</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maslow AD, Regan MM, Schwartz C, Bert A, Singh A. Inotropes Improve Right Heart Function in Patients Undergoing Aortic Valve Replacement for Aortic Stenosis: Anesthesia &amp; Analgesia. 2004;891–902. [av. at: https://insights.ovid.com/crossref?an=00000539-200404000-00003 ]. DOI: 10.1213/01.ANE.0000107940.23783.33</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gordon GR, Schumann R, Rastegar H, Khabbaz K, England MR. Nesiritide for treatment of perioperative low cardiac output syndromes in cardiac surgical patients: an initial experience. Journal of Anesthesia. 2006;20(4):307–11. DOI: 10.1007/s00540-006-0430-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gordon GR, Schumann R, Rastegar H, Khabbaz K, England MR. Nesiritide for treatment of perioperative low cardiac output syndromes in cardiac surgical patients: an initial experience. Journal of Anesthesia. 2006;20(4):307–11. DOI: 10.1007/s00540-006-0430-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reynolds HR, Tunick PA, Grossi EA, Dilmanian H, Colvin SB, Kronzon I. Paradoxical Septal Motion After Cardiac Surgery: A Review of 3,292 Cases. Clinical Cardiology. 2007;30(12):621–3. DOI: 10.1002/clc.20201</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reynolds HR, Tunick PA, Grossi EA, Dilmanian H, Colvin SB, Kronzon I. Paradoxical Septal Motion After Cardiac Surgery: A Review of 3,292 Cases. Clinical Cardiology. 2007;30(12):621–3. DOI: 10.1002/clc.20201</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
