<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cardio</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Кардиология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Kardiologiia</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0022-9040</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2412-5660</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Kardiomag</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18087/cardio.2024.3.n2643</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">cardio-2643</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RESEARCH ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Увеличение объема левого предсердия при физической нагрузке ассоциируется с положительным результатом диастолического стресс-теста</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>An Increase in the Left Atrium Volume During Exercise is Associated With a Positive Result of a Diastolic Stress Test in Patients With Arterial Hypertension</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8879-3791</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мазур</surname><given-names>Е. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mazur</surname><given-names>E. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор; зав. кафедрой госпитальной терапии и профессиональных болезней</p><p>Тверь, Россия</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Professor, Head of Chair of Hospital Therapy and Occupational Diseases</p><p>Tver, Russia</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mazur-tver@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4818-434X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мазур</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mazur</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор кафедры госпитальной терапии и профессиональных болезней</p><p>Тверь, Россия</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Chair of Hospital Therapy and Occupational Diseases</p><p>Tver, Russia</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vera.v.mazur@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0511-7366</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Баженов</surname><given-names>Н. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bazhenov</surname><given-names>N. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., доцент; заведующий кафедрой скорой медицинской помощи</p><p>Тверь, Россия</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Head of Chair of Emergency Medical Care</p><p>Tver, Russia</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">bazhenovnd@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0648-5358</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нилова</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nilova</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., доцент; доцент кафедры общей врачебной практики и семейной медицины</p><p>Тверь, Россия</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Chair of General Medical practice and Family Medicine</p><p>Tver, Russia</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">tevirp69@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1103-5001</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Николаева</surname><given-names>Т. О.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikolaeva</surname><given-names>T. O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., доцент, зав. кафедрой пропедевтики внутренних болезней</p><p>Тверь, Россия</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Head of Chair of internal diseases</p><p>Tver, Russia</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">tabo051610@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3445-0715</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Алексеев</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Alekseev</surname><given-names>D. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., доцент; доцент кафедры поликлинической терапии</p><p>Тверь, Россия</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Chair of Ambulatory Therapy</p><p>Tver, Russia</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">docalexeev@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Тверской ГМУ» Минздрава РФ</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Tver State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>31</day><month>03</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>64</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>11</fpage><lpage>17</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Kardiomag, 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Kardiomag</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kardiomag</copyright-holder><license xlink:href="https://cardio.elpub.ru/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>https://cardio.elpub.ru/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://cardio.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/2643">https://cardio.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/2643</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Изучить взаимосвязь между изменением объема левого предсердия (ОЛП) при физической нагрузке и результатом диастолического стресс-теста (ДСТ) у больных артериальной гипертензией (АГ).Материал и методы. В исследование включено 219 больных АГ без ишемической болезни сердца и фибрилляции предсердий. При выполнении ДСТ до и после нагрузки определялись отношение скорости трансмитрального кровотока и скорости смещения кольца митрального клапана (Е/е’), глобальная продольная деформация левого предсердия в фазу резервуара (стрейн резервуара) и ОЛП. Критерием положительного ДСТ считалось повышение Е/e′ ≥15.Результаты. Положительный результат ДСТ констатирован у 90 (41,1%) пациентов. Больные с положительным ДСТ были старше (65,0 и 59,0 лет), среди них было меньше мужчин (24,4 и 41,1%), но больше лиц с ожирением (66,7 и 40,3%) и сахарным диабетом (36,7 и 8,5%). В покое у больных с положительным ДСТ были больше отношение Е/е’ (11,5 и 8,8), систолическое давление в легочной артерии (29,0 и 27,0 мм рт. ст.) и ОЛП (60,0 и 52,0 мл), но меньше стрейн резервуара левого предсердия (20,0 и 24,0%). При физической нагрузке отношение Е/е’ у больных с положительным и отрицательным ДСТ возросло соответственно на 5,46 и 0,47 единицы. Изменение при нагрузке ОЛП и стрейна резервуара в сравниваемых группах носило разнонаправленный характер. Стрейн резервуара левого предсердия у больных с положительным ДСТ снизился в среднем на 1,0 процентный пункт (п.п.), а у больных с отрицательным ДСТ возрос на 8,0 п.п. ОЛП у больных с положительным ДСТ при нагрузке возрос на 10,0 мл, а в альтернативной группе снизился на 8,5 мл. AUC для динамики ОЛП, как признака положительного ДСТ, составила 0,987, для стрейна резервуара левого предсердия в покое - 0,938. Прирост ОЛП &gt;1 мл, как признак положительного ДСТ, обладает чувствительностью 96,9% и специфичностью 95,1%.Заключение. У больных АГ изменение давления наполнения левого желудочка ассоциируется с однонаправленным изменением ОЛП. Увеличение ОЛП при физической нагрузке более чем на 1 мл может служить критерием положительного результата ДСТ. Такая оценка в 94,5% случаев совпадает с оценкой результата ДСТ по критерию Е/е’ &gt;15.</p></sec><sec><title> </title><p> </p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Aim. To study the relationship between changes in left atrial volume (LAV) during exercise and the result of a diastolic stress test (DST) in patients with arterial hypertension (AH).Material and methods. The study included 219 patients with AH without ischemic heart disease and atrial fibrillation. During the DST performed before and after exercise, the ratio of transmitral flow velocity to mitral annular velocity (E/e’), the left atrial global longitudinal strain in the reservoir phase (reservoir strain), and LAV were determined. The criterion for a positive DST was an increase in E/e′ ≥15.Results. A positive result of DST was observed in 90 (41.1%) patients. Patients with positive DST were older (65.0 and 59.0 years); among them, there were fewer men (24.4 and 41.1%), but more patients with obesity (66.7 and 40.3%) and diabetes mellitus (36.7 and 8.5%). At rest, patients with positive DST had higher E/e' ratio (11.5 and 8.8), pulmonary artery systolic pressure (29.0 and 27.0 mm Hg), and LAV (60.0 and 52.0 ml), but a lower left atrial reservoir strain (20.0 and 24.0%). During exercise in patients with positive and negative DST, E/e’ increased by 5.46 and 0.47 units, respectively. Changes in the LAV and reservoir strain during exercise in these groups were directed differently. In patients with positive DST, the left atrial reservoir strain decreased by 1.0 percentage points (pp) whereas in patients with negative DST, it increased by 8.0 pp. During exercise, the LAV increased by 10.0 ml in patients with a positive DST, whereas in the alternative group, the LAV decreased by 8.5 ml. The AUC for changes in LAV as an indicator of a positive DST was 0.987 while the AUC for the resting left atrial reservoir strain was 0.938. An increase in LAV &gt;1 ml, as an indicator of a positive DST has a sensitivity of 96.9% and a specificity of 95.1%.Conclusion. In AH patients, changes in left ventricular filling pressure are associated with a unidirectional change in LAV. An increase in LAV during exercise by more than 1 ml can serve as a criterion for a positive DST result. This assessment was consistent with the assessment of the DST result by the E/e’ criterion &gt;15 in 94.5% of cases.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Сердечная недостаточность с сохраненной фракцией выброса</kwd><kwd>артериальная гипертензия</kwd><kwd>диастолический стресс-тест</kwd><kwd>предсердная кардиомиопатия</kwd><kwd>технология speckle tracking</kwd><kwd>деформация миокарда левого предсердия</kwd><kwd>объем левого предсердия</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction</kwd><kwd>arterial hypertension</kwd><kwd>diastolic stress test</kwd><kwd>atrial cardiomyopathy</kwd><kwd>speckle tracking technology</kwd><kwd>left atrial myocardial strain</kwd><kwd>left atrial volume</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Конфликт интересов не заявлен</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">No conflict of interest is reported.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Щендрыгина А.А., Жбанов К.А., Привалова Е.В., Юсупова А.О., Данилогорская Ю.А., Салахеева Е.Ю. и др. Хроническая сердечная недостаточность с сохраненной фракцией выброса: современное состояние проблемы. Рациональная Фармакотерапия в Кардиологии 2021;17(3):476-83. DOI: 10.20996/1819-6446-2021-05-01</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shchendrygina A.A., Zhbanov K.A., Privalova E.V., Yusupova A.O., Danilogorskaya Yu.A., Salakheeva E.Yu. et al. Heart Failure with Perserved Ejection Fraction Current Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches. Rational Pharmacotherapy in Cardiology. 2021;17(3):476–83. DOI: 10.20996/1819-6446-2021-05-01</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Овчинников А.Г., Агеев Ф.Т., Алёхин М.Н., Беленков Ю.Н., Васюк Ю.А., Галявич А.С. и др. Диастолическая трансторакальная стресс-эхокардиография с дозированной физической нагрузкой в диагностике сердечной недостаточности с сохраненной фракцией выброса: показания, методология, интерпретация результатов. Кардиология. 2020;60(12):48—63. DOI: 10.18087/cardio.2020.12.n1219</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ovchinnikov A.G., Ageev F.T., Alekhin M.N., Belenkov Yu.N., Vasyuk Yu.A., Galyavich A.S. et al. The role of diastolic transthoracic stress echocardiography with incremental workload in the evaluation of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: indications, methodology, interpretation. Kardiologiia. 2020;60(12):48–63. DOI: 10.18087/cardio.2020.12.n1219</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lancellotti P, Pellikka PA, Budts W, Chaudhry FA, Donal E, Dulgheru R et al. The Clinical Use of Stress Echocardiography in Non-Ischaemic Heart Disease: Recommendations from the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging and the American Society of Echocardiography. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography. 2017;30(2):101–38. DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2016.10.016</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lancellotti P, Pellikka PA, Budts W, Chaudhry FA, Donal E, Dulgheru R et al. The Clinical Use of Stress Echocardiography in Non-Ischaemic Heart Disease: Recommendations from the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging and the American Society of Echocardiography. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography. 2017;30(2):101–38. DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2016.10.016</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Obokata M, Kane GC, Reddy YNV, Olson TP, Melenovsky V, Borlaug BA. Role of Diastolic Stress Testing in the Evaluation for Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Simultaneous Invasive-Echocardiographic Study. Circulation. 2017;135(9):825–38. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.024822</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Obokata M, Kane GC, Reddy YNV, Olson TP, Melenovsky V, Borlaug BA. Role of Diastolic Stress Testing in the Evaluation for Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Simultaneous Invasive-Echocardiographic Study. Circulation. 2017;135(9):825–38. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.024822</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reddy YNV, Carter RE, Obokata M, Redfield MM, Borlaug BA. A Simple, Evidence-Based Approach to Help Guide Diagnosis of Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction. Circulation. 2018;138(9):861–70. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.034646</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reddy YNV, Carter RE, Obokata M, Redfield MM, Borlaug BA. A Simple, Evidence-Based Approach to Help Guide Diagnosis of Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction. Circulation. 2018;138(9):861–70. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.034646</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pieske B, Tschöpe C, de Boer RA, Fraser AG, Anker SD, Donal E et al. How to diagnose heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: the HFA–PEFF diagnostic algorithm: a consensus recommendation from the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). European Heart Journal. 2019;40(40):3297–317. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz641</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pieske B, Tschöpe C, de Boer RA, Fraser AG, Anker SD, Donal E et al. How to diagnose heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: the HFA–PEFF diagnostic algorithm: a consensus recommendation from the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). European Heart Journal. 2019;40(40):3297–317. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz641</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Harada T, Kagami K, Kato T, Ishii H, Obokata M. Exercise Stress Echocardiography in the Diagnostic Evaluation of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction. Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease. 2022;9(3):87. DOI: 10.3390/jcdd9030087</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Harada T, Kagami K, Kato T, Ishii H, Obokata M. Exercise Stress Echocardiography in the Diagnostic Evaluation of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction. Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease. 2022;9(3):87. DOI: 10.3390/jcdd9030087</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, Gardner RS, Baumbach A, Böhm M et al. 2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. European Heart Journal. 2021;42(36):3599–726. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab368</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, Gardner RS, Baumbach A, Böhm M et al. 2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. European Heart Journal. 2021;42(36):3599–726. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab368</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lang RM, Badano LP, Mor-Avi V, Afilalo J, Armstrong A, Ernande L et al. Recommendations for Cardiac Chamber Quantification by Echocardiography in Adults: An Update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. European Heart Journal – Cardiovascular Imaging. 2015;16(3):233–71. DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jev014</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lang RM, Badano LP, Mor-Avi V, Afilalo J, Armstrong A, Ernande L et al. Recommendations for Cardiac Chamber Quantification by Echocardiography in Adults: An Update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. European Heart Journal – Cardiovascular Imaging. 2015;16(3):233–71. DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jev014</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Badano LP, Kolias TJ, Muraru D, Abraham TP, Aurigemma G, Edvardsen T et al. Standardization of left atrial, right ventricular, and right atrial deformation imaging using two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography: a consensus document of the EACVI/ASE/Industry Task Force to standardize deformation imaging. European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Imaging. 2018;19(6):591–600. DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jey042</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Badano LP, Kolias TJ, Muraru D, Abraham TP, Aurigemma G, Edvardsen T et al. Standardization of left atrial, right ventricular, and right atrial deformation imaging using two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography: a consensus document of the EACVI/ASE/Industry Task Force to standardize deformation imaging. European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Imaging. 2018;19(6):591–600. DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jey042</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ye Z, Miranda WR, Yeung DF, Kane GC, Oh JK. Left Atrial Strain in Evaluation of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography. 2020;33(12):1490–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2020.07.020</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ye Z, Miranda WR, Yeung DF, Kane GC, Oh JK. Left Atrial Strain in Evaluation of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography. 2020;33(12):1490–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2020.07.020</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мазур Е.С., Мазур В.В., Баженов Н.Д., Нилова О.В., Николаева Т.О. Стрейн левого предсердия как предиктор результата диастолического стресс-теста у больных артериальной гипертензией. Кардиология. 2022;62(9):9–17. DOI: 10.18087/cardio.2022.9.n2206</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mazur E.S., Mazur V.V., Bazhenov N.D., Nilova O.V., Nikolaeva T.O. Left Atrial Strain as a Predictor of Diastolic Stress Test Results in Patients With Arterial Hypertension. Kardiologiia. 2022;62(9):9–17. DOI: 10.18087/cardio.2022.9.n2206</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Терещенко С.Н. Галявич А.С., Ускач Т.М., Агеев Ф.Т., Арутюнов Г.П., Беграмбекова Ю.Л. и др. Хроническая сердечная недостаточность. Клинические рекомендации 2020. Российский кардиологический журнал. 2020;25(11):311-74. DOI: 10.15829/1560-4071-2020-4083</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tereshchenko S.N., Galyavich A.S., Uskach T.M., Ageev F.T., Arutyunov G.P., Begrambekova Yu.L. et al. 2020 Clinical practice guidelines for Chronic heart failure. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2020;25(11):311–74. DOI: 10.15829/1560-4071-2020-4083</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ma J, Chen Q, Ma S. Left atrial fibrosis in atrial fibrillation: Mechanisms, clinical evaluation and management. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine. 2021;25(6):2764–75. DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16350</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ma J, Chen Q, Ma S. Left atrial fibrosis in atrial fibrillation: Mechanisms, clinical evaluation and management. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine. 2021;25(6):2764–75. DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16350</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Goette A, Kalman JM, Aguinaga L, Akar J, Cabrera JA, Chen SA et al. EHRA/HRS/APHRS/SOLAECE expert consensus on atrial cardiomyopathies: definition, characterization, and clinical implication. Europace. 2016;18(10):1455–90. DOI: 10.1093/europace/euw161</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goette A, Kalman JM, Aguinaga L, Akar J, Cabrera JA, Chen SA et al. EHRA/HRS/APHRS/SOLAECE expert consensus on atrial cardiomyopathies: definition, characterization, and clinical implication. Europace. 2016;18(10):1455–90. DOI: 10.1093/europace/euw161</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
